Appendices

Appendix A: Resource List [815]

Overarching

African Union and New Partnership for Africa’s Development. “African Post-Conflict Reconstruction Policy Framework.” 2005.

Call, Charles. “Institutionalizing Peace: A Review of Post-Conflict Peacebuilding, Concepts and Issues for DPA.” 2005. Center for Strategic and International Studies and Association of the United States Army. “Post-Conflict Reconstruction: Task Framework.” 2002.

Cohen, Craig. “Measuring Progress in Stabilization and Reconstruction.” Washington, DC: U.S. Institute of Peace, 2006.

Covey, Jack, Michael J. Dziedzic, and Leonard R. Hawley, eds. The Quest for Viable Peace: International Intervention and Strategies for Conflict Transformation. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 2005.

Defense Science Board. “Study on Transition to and from Hostilities.” 2004.

Dobbins, James, Seth G. Jones, Keith Crane, and Beth Cole DeGrasse. The Beginner’s Guide to Nation-Building. Santa Monica: RAND Corporation, 2007.

Dziedzic, Mike, Barbara Sotirin, and John Agoglia, eds. “Measuring Progress in Conflict Environments (MPICE)—A Metrics Framework for Assessing Conflict Transformation and Stabilization.” Washington, DC: Defense Technical Information Catalog, 2008.

European Union. “A Secure Europe in a Better World.” 2003.

Federal Republic of Germany. “Action Plan—Civilian Crisis Prevention, Conflict Resolution and Post-Conflict Peacebuilding.” 2004.

France (Interministerial Committee on International Cooperation and Development). “Fragile States and Situations of Fragility: France’s Policy Paper.” 2007.

Ghani, Ashraf, and Clare Lockhart. Fixing Failed States: A Framework for Rebuilding a Fractured World. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.

Human Rights Web. “A Summary of United Nations Agreements on Human Rights.” http://www.hrweb.org/legal/undocs.html (accessed September 9, 2008).

International Forum for the Challenges of Peace Operations. “A Comparative Study on Doctrine and Principles for Multinational Peace Operations: A Case for Harmonization and Enhanced Interoperability.” 2007.

International Forum for the Challenges of Peace Operations. “Challenges of Peace Operations: Into the 21st Century. Concluding Report, 1997–2002.” 2002.

International Forum for the Challenges of Peace Operations. “Meeting the Challenges of Peace Operations: Cooperation and Coordination.” 2005.

International Monetary Fund (Policy Development and Review Department). Fund’s Engagement in Fragile States and Post-Conflict Countries—A Review of Experience—Issues and Options.” 2008.

International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. “Assistance to Post-Conflict Countries and the HIPC Framework.” 2001.

Japan International Cooperation Agency. Handbook for Transition Assistance. 2006.

Joint Utstein Study of Peacebuilding (Royal Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development, the Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and the Department for International Development, United Kingdom). “Towards a Strategic Framework for Peacebuilding: Getting Their Act Together.” 2004.

North Atlantic Treaty Organisation. “Allied Joint Publication 3.4.1, Peace Support Operations.” 2001.

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (Development Co-operation Directorate and Development Assistance Committee). “Fragile States: Policy Commitment and Principles for Good International Engagement in Fragile States and Situations.” 2007.

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (Development Assistance Committee). “Helping Prevent Violent Conflict.” 2001.

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (Development Assistance Committee). “Whole of Government Approaches to Fragile States.” 2006.

Organisation for Security Co-operation in Europe. “OSCE Handbook.” 2007.

Perito, Robert, ed. Guide for Participants in Peace, Stability, and Relief Operations: Guidelines for Relations Between U.S. Armed Forces and Nongovernmental Humanitarian Organizations in Hostile or Potentially Hostile Environments. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 2007.

Sphere Project. “Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Disaster Response.” 2004.

United Kingdom Comprehensive Approach Working Group, “DRAFT: Inter-Departmental Glossary of Planning Terminology,” version 1.1. 2007.

United Kingdom Department for International Development, “Review of the United Kingdom Government Approach to Peacebuilding.” 2004.

United Kingdom Ministry of Defence. “Joint Doctrine Publication 3-40, Security and Stabilisation: The Military Contribution.” 2009.

United Kingdom Stabilisation Unit. “The United Kingdom Approach to Stabilisation—A Stabilisation Unit Guidance Note.” 2008.

United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations. “Handbook on United Nations Multidimensional Peacekeeping Operations.” 2003.

United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations and Department of Field Support. “Peacekeeping Operations Principles and Guidelines.” 2008.

United Nations Development Group, United Nations Development Programme, and World Bank. “Practical Guide to Multilateral Needs Assessments in Post-Conflict Situations.” 2004.

United Nations Development Group and United Nations Executive Committee for Humanitarian Affairs. “Interagency Framework for Conflict Analysis in Transition Situations.” 2004.

United Nations Development Group and World Bank. “WORKING DRAFT FOR CIRCULATION: Joint Guidance Note on Integrated Recovery Planning Using Post Conflict Needs Assessments and Transitional Results Frameworks.” 2007.

United Nations Development Programme and United States Agency for International Development. “First Steps in Post-Conflict State-Building: A UNDP-USAID Study.” 2007.

United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. “Frequently Asked Questions on a Human Rights-Based Approach to Development Cooperation.” 2006.

United Nations Peacebuilding Commission. “Sierra Leone Compact.” 2007.

United Nations Peacebuilding Commission. “Strategic Framework for Peacebuilding in Burundi.” 2007.

United Nations Security Council. “Comprehensive Review of the Whole Question of Peacekeeping Operations in All Their Aspects.” 2000. http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/51/ares51-136.htm (accessed July 2009).

United Nations Security Council. “United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325.” October 31, 2000. www.un.org/events/res_1325e.pdf (accessed July 2009).

United States Agency for International Development (Conflict Management and Mitigation Office). “Conducting a Conflict Assessment: A Framework for Strategy and Program Development.” 2005.

United States Agency for International Development. “Fragile States Strategy.” 2005.

United States Agency for International Development (Office of Transition Initiatives). “Guide to Program Options in Conflict-Prone Settings.” 2001.

United States Agency for International Development. “Nine Principles of Reconstruction and Development.” 2005.

United States Army. Field Manual 3-07: Stability Operations. 2008.

United States Department of State (Office of the Coordinator for Reconstruction and Stabilization). “Post-Conflict Reconstruction Essential Tasks.” 2005.

United States Department of State (Office of the Coordinator for Reconstruction and Stabilization). “Principles for Stabilization, Reconstruction, and Conflict Transformation.” 2008.

United States Department of State and United States Joint Forces Command. “United States Joint Forces Command J-7 Pamphlet, version 1.0. United States Government Draft Planning Framework for Reconstruction, Stabilization and Conflict Transformation.” 2005.

United States Government. “Counterinsurgency Guide.” 2009.

United States Government. “Principles of the Interagency Conflict Assessment Framework.” 2008.

United States Institute of Peace (Center for Post-Conflict Peace and Stability Operations). “Strategic Framework: Fragile States and Societies Emerging from Conflict.” 2007.

United States President. National Security Presidential Directive 44. “Management of Interagency Efforts Concerning Reconstruction and Stabilization.” 2005.

United States President. Presidential Decision Directive 56. “Managing Complex Contingency Operations.” 1997.

World Bank (Conflict Prevention and Reconstruction Team). “DRAFT: Conflict Analysis Framework.” 2005.

Safe and Secure Environment

African Union and New Partnership for Africa’s Development. “African Post-Conflict Reconstruction Policy Framework.” 2005.

Andrews, Katherine, Brandon Hunt, and William Durch. “Post-Conflict Borders and UN Peace Operations.” Stimson Center Report, no. 62 (2007): 1–60.

Australian Federal Police. “International Deployment Group.” http://www.afp.gov.au/international/IDG.html (accessed August 19, 2009)

Ball, Nicole. “Democratic Governance and the Security Sector in Conflict-Affected Countries,” in Derick W. Brinkerhoff, ed., Governance in Post-Conflict Societies: Rebuilding Fragile States. New York: Routledge, 2007.

Bayley, David H. Changing the Guard: Developing Democratic Police Abroad. Oxford: University Press Oxford, 2006.

Boscawen, Col. Hugh, Col. Mike Redmond, and Bertram Welsing. “Intelligence to Evidence Operations.” Presented at the United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations Command Development Seminar, Center of Excellence for Stability Police Units (COESPU). 2006.

Center for Army Lessons Learned. “Provincial Reconstruction Team Playbook.” 2007.

Center for Peace Research and Strategic Studies. Building Local Ownership in Security Sector Reform: Challenges for Local and External Actors in Post-conflict States.” 2007.

Cole, Beth, Michael Dziedzic, and Robert Perito. “Building Civilian Capacity for U.S. Stability Operations: The Rule of Law Component.” 2004.

Conference of American Armies. “Peace Operations Manual.” 2007.

Conflict Research Consortium (International Online Training Program on Intractable Conflict, University of Colorado). “Principled Negotiation.” http://www.colorado.edu/conflict/peace/ treatment/pricneg.htm (accessed September 3, 2008).

Covey, Jack, Michael J. Dziedzic, and Leonard R. Hawley, eds. The Quest for Viable Peace: International Intervention and Strategies for Conflict Transformation. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 2005.

Darby, John. The Effects of Violence on Peace Processes. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 2001.

Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit GmbH (GTZ). DDR: A Practical Field and Classroom Guide, 2004.

Dobbins, James, Seth G. Jones, Keith Crane, and Beth Cole DeGrasse. The Beginner’s Guide to Nation-Building. Santa Monica: RAND Corporation, 2007.

Dziedzic, Mike, Barbara Sotirin, and John Agoglia, eds. “Measuring Progress in Conflict Environments (MPICE)—A Metrics Framework for Assessing Conflict Transformation and Stabilization.” Washington, DC: Defense Technical Information Catalog, 2008.

European Union. “European Union Concept for Support to Disarmament, Demobilisation, and Reintegration (DDR).” 2006.

Feil, Scott. “Building Better Foundations: Security in Post-Conflict Reconstruction.” The Washington Quarterly, vol. 24, no. 4 (2002): 97–109.

Flournoy, Michèle and Michael Pan. “Dealing with Demons: Justice and Reconciliation.” The Washington Quarterly vol. 25, no. 4 (2002): 111–23.

French Land Forces. “FT-01. Winning the Battle, Building Peace: Land Forces in Present and Future Conflicts.” 2007.

Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces. “Border Control Services and Security Sector Reform.” 2002.

Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces. “The Post-Conflict Security Sector.” 2006.

Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces. “Shaping a Security Governance Agenda in Post-Conflict Peacebuilding.” 2005.

Gleichmann, Colin, Michael Odenwald, Kees Steenken, and Adrian Wilkinson. “Disarmament, Demobilisation, and Reintegration: A Practical Field Guide and Classroom Guide.” German Technical Co-operation, The Norwegian Defence International Centre, Pearson Peacekeeping Centre, and the Swedish National Defence College. 2004.

International Commission on Intervention and Sovereignty. “The Responsibility to Protect.” 2001.

International Committee of the Red Cross. “The Fundamental Principles of the Red Cross.” 1996.

International Peace Academy and United Nations Development Programme. “A Framework for Lasting Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration of Former Combatants in Crisis Situations.” International Peace Academy Workshop Report. 2002.

International Security Assistance Force. “Provincial Reconstruction Team Handbook,” vols. I and II. 2007.

Italy (Carabinieri General Headquarters). “Doctrine and Procedures for the Employment of the Multinational Specialised Units (MSU).” 2003.

Japan International Cooperation Agency. “Handbook for Transition Assistance.” 2006.

Jones, Seth G., Jeremy M. Wilson, Andrew Rathmell, and K. Jack Riley. Establishing Law and Order After Conflict. Santa Monica: RAND Corporation, 2005.

Malan, Mark. “Physical Protection in Practice: International and Regional Peacekeeping in Africa. http://www.issafrica.org/Pubs/ASR/9No2/Malan.html (accessed September 17, 2008).

McFate, Sean. “Securing the Future. A Primer on Security Sector Reform in Conflict Countries.” United States Institute of Peace Special Report, no. 209 (2008): 1–20.

Nordic Coordinated Arrangement for Military Peace Support. “Peace Support Operations Tactical Manual.” 2007.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization. “Allied Joint Publication 3.4.1, Peace Support Operations.” Oakley, Robert, Michael Dziedzic, and Eliot M. Goldberg, eds. Policing the New World Disorder. Honolulu: University Press of the Pacific, 2002.

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (Development Co-operation Directorate and Development Assistance Committee). “Designing, Implementing, and Monitoring Armed Violence Reduction.” Development Assistance Committee Network on Conflict, Peace, and Development Co-operation Framing Paper. 2007.

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. “Economic Reconstruction in Post-Conflict Transitions: Lessons for the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC).” 2003.

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (Development Assistance Committee). Handbook on Security Sector Reform: Supporting Security and Justice. 2007.

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (Development Assistance Committee). “Helping Prevent Violent Conflict.” 2001.

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (Development Assistance Committee). “Introduction to Security System Reform.” 2005.

Orr, Robert, ed. Winning the Peace: An American Strategy for Post-Conflict Reconstruction. Washington, DC: The Center for Strategic and International Studies Press, 2004.

Pearson Peacekeeping Center. “Reintegration of Ex-Combatants through Micro-Enterprise: An Operational Framework.” 2005.

Perito, Robert. Where’s the Lone Ranger When You Need Him? America’s Search for a Post-Conflict Stability Force. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 2004.

Rausch, Colette, ed. Combating Serious Crimes in Post-Conflict Societies: A Handbook for Policymakers and Practitioners. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 2006.

Stedman, Stephen. “Spoiler Problems in Peace Processes.” International Security, vol. 22, no 2 (1997): 5–53.

United Kingdom Department for International Development. “Fighting Poverty to Build a Safer World: A Strategy for Security and Development.” 2005.

United Kingdom Department for International Development. “Security and Justice Sector Reform Programming in Africa.” Evaluation Working Paper, no. 23 (2007): 1–98.

United Kingdom Department for International Development. “Why We Need to Work More Effectively in Fragile States.” 2005.

United Kingdom Foreign and Commonwealth Office. Peace Support Operations: Information and Guidance for UK Police Personnel. 2007.

United Kingdom Ministry of Defence. “Joint Doctrine Publication 3-40, Security and Stabilisation: The Military Contribution.” 2009.

United Kingdom Ministry of Defence. “Joint Warfare Publication 3-50: The Military Contribution to Peace Support Operations,” 2nd ed. 2004.

United Kingdom Stabilisation Unit. “Helping Countries Recover From Violent Conflict.” 2008.

United Kingdom Stabilisation Unit. “Quick Guide to Stabilisation Planning.” 2007.

United Kingdom Stabilisation Unit. “The United Kingdom Approach to Stabilisation—A Stabilisation Unit Guidance Note.” 2008.

United Nations. “Handbook on United Nations Multidimensional Peacekeeping Operations.” 2003.

United Nations. Integrated Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration Standards. http://www.unddr.org/iddrs/framework.php (accessed September 2, 2008).

United Nations. “Peacekeeping Operations Principles and Guidelines.” 2008.

United Nations. “UN Security Council Resolution 1373, Threats to International Peace and Security Caused by Terrorist Acts,” September 28, 2001. http://www.undemocracy.com/S-RES-1373(2001).pdf (accessed September 17, 2008).

United Nations. “UN Security Council Resolution 1540, Non-proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction,” April 28, 2004. http://www.nti.org/db/1540/pdfs/UNSCR_1540.pdf (accessed September 17, 2008).

United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations. “Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration of Ex-Combatants in a Peacekeeping Environment: Principles & Guidelines.” 1999.

United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations. Prison Support Guidance Manual. 2006.

United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations. “Security Sector Reform and Peace Operations: ‘Improvisation and Confusion’ from the Field.” 2006.

United Nations Development Programme. “Enhancing Security Sector Governance: A Conceptual Framework for the United Nations Development Programme.” 2002.

United Nations Development Programme and United States Agency for International Development. “First Steps in Post-Conflict State-Building: A UNDP-USAID Study.” 2007.

United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. “Human Rights and Law Enforcement: A Manual on Human Rights Training for the Police.” Professional Training Series, no. 5 (1997): 1–211. http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu6/2/training.htm (accessed September 12, 2008).

United Nations Secretary-General. “Note to the General Assembly. A/C.5/59/31.” 2005.

United States Agency for International Development (Office of Transition Initiatives).

“Guide to Program Options in Conflict-Prone Settings.” 2001.

United States Army. Field Manual 3-0: Full Spectrum Operations. 2008.

United States Army. Field Manual 3-07: Stability Operations. 2008.

United States Army and Marine Corps. Field Manual 3-24: Counterinsurgency. 2007.

United States Department of State (Office of the Coordinator for Reconstruction and Stabilization). “Lessons-Learned: Demobilization, Disarmament, and Reintegration (DDR) in Stabilization and Reconstruction Operations. A Guide for United States Government Planners.” 2006.

U.S. Department of State, U.S. Department of Defense, and U.S. Agency for International Development, “Security Sector Reform,” 2008.

United States Institute of Peace, InterAction, and United States Department of Defense. Guidelines for Relations Between the U.S. Armed Forces and Non Governmental Humanitarian Organizations. 2007.

Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University (Graduate Student Working Group). “The Missing Priority: Post-Conflict Security and the Rule of Law.” 2003.

Rule of Law

Alemika, Etannibe E.O., and Innocent C. Chukwuma. “The Poor and Informal Policing in Nigeria: A Report on the Poor’s Perceptions and Priorities on Safety, Security and Policing in Access to Justice Focal States in Nigeria.” Lagos: Center for Law Enforcement Education, 2004.

Amnesty International. “Afghanistan: Police Reconstruction Essential for the Protection of Human Rights.” 2003.

Barsalou, Judy, and Victoria Baxter. “The Urge to Remember. The Role of Memorials in Social Reconstruction an Transitional Justice.” United States Institute of Peace Stabilization and Reconstruction Series, no. 5 (2007): 1–22.

Baskin, Mark. “Lessons Learned on UNMIK Judiciary.” Ottawa: Government of Canada, Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade, 2001.

Bayley, David H. Changing the Guard: Developing Democratic Police Abroad. Oxford:University Press Oxford, 2006.

Belton, Rachel Kleinfeld. “Competing Definitions of the Rule of Law: Implications for Practitioners.” Carnegie Papers, Rule of Law Seriesno. 55 (2005): 1–38.

Berkowitz, David, Katharina Pistor, and Jean-François Richard. The Transplant Effect. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University, Center for International Development, 2000.

Berling, Per, Lars Bejstam, Jenny Ederlöv, Erik Wennerström, and Richard Zajac Sannerholm. “Rule of Law in Public Administration: Problems and Ways Ahead in Peace Building and Development.” Sweden: Folke Bernadotte Academy, 2008.

Blackman, Lani. “Products of Law Reform Agencies,” in The Promise of Law Reform. Sydney, Australia: The Federation Press, 2005.

Call, Charles T., ed. Constructing Justice and Security After War. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 2007.

Carlson, Scott N. “Legal and Judicial Rule of Law Work in Multidimensional Peacekeeping Operations: Lessons-Learned Study.” United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations. 2006.

Center for Strategic and International Studies and Association of the United States Army. “Post-Conflict Reconstruction: Task Framework.” 2002.

Colletta, Nat, and Michelle Cullen. Violent Conflict and the Transformation of Social Capital. Lessons from Cambodia, Rwanda, Guatemala, and Somalia. Washington, DC: World Bank, 2000.

Covey, Jack, Michael J. Dziedzic, and Leonard R. Hawley, eds. The Quest for Viable Peace: International Intervention and Strategies for Conflict Transformation. Washington DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 2005.

Dobbins, James, Seth G. Jones, Keith Crane, and Beth Cole DeGrasse. The Beginner’s Guide to Nation-Building. Santa Monica: RAND Corporation, 2007.

European Union (European Commission Conflict Prevention and Crisis Management Unit). “Civilian Instruments for European Union Crisis Management.” 2003.

Glendon, Mary Ann, Michael Gordon, and Christopher Osakwe. Comparative Legal Traditions: Text, Materials, and Cases on the Civil and Common Law Traditions, with Special Reference to French, German, and English. Eagan: West Group, 1999.

Godson, Roy. “A Guide to Developing a Culture of Lawfulness.” Presented at the Symposium on the Role of Civil Society in Countering Organized Crime: Global Implications of the Palermo, Sicily Renaissance. 2000.

Golub, Stephen. “Beyond Rule of Law Orthodoxy: Legal Empowerment Initiative.” Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2003.

Hague Institute of the Internationalisation of Law. “Rule of Law Inventory Report.” 2007.

Hurwitz, Agnes, and Kaysie Studdard, “Rule of Law Programs in Peace Operations.” New York: International Peace Academy (Security-Development Nexus Program), 2005.

Inter-American Development Bank, “Resource Book on Participation.” www.iadb.org/aboutus/VI/resource_book/table_of_contents.cfm?language=english (accessed July 8, 2009).

International Monetary Fund Legal Department. “Plain English Tax Law Drafting.” 2008.

International Network to Promote the Rule of Law. “Prison Security in Societies Emerging from Conflict.” Consolidated Response (07-007), 2007.

International Peace Academy (Security-Development Nexus Program). “Securing the Rule of Law: Assessing International Strategies for Post-Conflict Criminal Justice.” 2005.

Jones, Seth G., Jeremy M. Wilson, Andrew Rathmell, and K. Jack Riley. Establishing Law and Order After Conflict. Santa Monica: RAND Corporation, 2005.

Leckie, Scott, ed. Housing Land and Property Rights in Post-Conflict United Nations and Other Peace Operations: A Comparative Survey and Proposal for Reform. London: Cambridge University Press, 2008.

Meierhenrich, Jens. “The Ethics of Lustration.” Ethics and International Affairs, vol. 20, no. 1 (2006): 99–120.

Narayan, Deepa, Robert Chambers, Meera K. Shah, Patti Petesch. Voices of the Poor: Crying Out for Change. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.

Oakley, Robert, Michael Dziedzic, and Eliot M. Goldberg, eds. Policing the New World Disorder. Honolulu: University Press of the Pacific, 2002.

O’Connor, Vivienne, and Colette Rausch, eds. Model Codes for Post-Conflict Criminal Justice: Volume I, Model Criminal Code. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 2007.

O’Connor, Vivienne and Colette Rausch, eds. Model Codes for Post-Conflict Criminal Justice: Volume II: Model Code of Criminal Procedure. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 2008.

Organisation of Economic Co-operation and Development (Development Assistance Committee). Handbook on Security Sector Reform. Paris, France: OECD Publishing, 2007.

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (Development Assistance Committee). “The Development Assistance Committee Guidelines: Helping Prevent Violent Conflict.” 2001.

Penal Reform International. “Making Standards Work: An International Handbook on Good Prison Practice.” 2001.

Rausch, Colette, ed. Combating Serious Crimes in Post-Conflict Societies: A Handbook for Policymakers and Practitioners. Washington, DC: U.S. Institute of Peace Press, 2006.

Rose-Ackerman, Susan. “Establishing the Rule of Law,” in Robert Rotberg ed., When States Fail: Causes and Consequences. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003.

Scheye, Eric. “Pragmatic Realism in Justice and Security Development: Supporting Improvement in the Performance of Non-State/Local Justice and Security Networks.” The Hague: Clingendael Institute, 2009.

SIGMA (A Joint Initiative of the OECD and the European Union). “Improving Policy Instruments Through Impact Assessment.” Sigma Paper no. 31, 2001.

Stromseth, Jane. Can Might Make Rights?: Building the Rule of Law after Military Interventions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.

Tolbert, David, and Andrew Solomon. “United Nations Reform and Supporting the Rule of Law in Post-Conflict Societies.” Harvard Human Rights Journal, no. 19 (2006): 29–62.

United Kingdom Department for International Development, “Briefing: Justice and Accountability.” 2008.

United Kingdom Department for International Development. “Education, Conflict, and International Development.” 2003.

United Kingdom Department for International Development. “Explanatory Note on Security and Access to Justice for the Poor.” 2007.

United Kingdom Department for International Development. “Non-State Justice and Security Systems.” 2004.

United Kingdom Department for International Development. “Safety, Security, and Accessible Justice: Putting Policy into Practice.” 2002.

United Kingdom Department for International Development and United Kingdom House of Commons International Development Committee. “Conflict and Development: Peacebuilding and Post-Conflict Reconstruction. Sixth Report of the Session. Volume I.” 2006.

United Kingdom Foreign and Commonwealth Office. Peace Support Operations. Information and Guidance for UK Police Personnel. 2007.

United Kingdom Justice Assistance Network. “Principles of Engagement.” 2005.

United Kingdom Stabilisation Unit. “Stabilisation Issues Notes: Rule of Law and Stabilisation.” 2008.

United Kingdom Stabilisation Unit. “The United Kingdom Approach to Stabilisation—A Stabilisation Unit Guidance Note.” 2008.

United Nations. “Basic Principles on the Use of Force and Firearms by Law Enforcement Officials.” 1990.

United Nations. “Guidance Note of the Secretary-General: United Nations Approach to Rule of Law Assistance.” 2008.

United Nations. “Law Overruled: Strengthening the Rule of Law in Postconflict States.” 2008.

United Nations. “Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women, Supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime.” 2000.

United Nations. “Report of the Secretary-General on the Rule of Law and Transitional Justice in Conflict and Post-Conflict Societies.” 2004.

United Nations. “Uniting Our Strengths: Enhancing United Nations Support for the Rule of Law. Report of the Secretary-General.” 2006.

United Nations. “Universal Declaration of Human Rights.” December 10, 1948.

United Nations Commission on the Legal Empowerment of the Poor. “Concept to Action.” 2006.

United Nations Committee on Human Rights. “Equality Before the Courts and the Right to a Fair and Public Hearing by an Independent Court Established by Law.” 1984.

United Nations Committee on Human Rights. International Standards of Elections: The Right to Participate in Public Affairs, Voting Rights and the Right of Equal Access to Public Service.” 1996.

United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations. “Primer for Justice Components in Multidimensional Peace Operations: Strengthening the Rule of Law.” 2006.

United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations. Prison Support Guidance Manual. 2006.

United Nations Development Programme. “Access to Justice Practice Note.” 2004.

United Nations Development Programme. “Gender Equality and Justice Programming: Equitable Access to Justice for Women.” 2007.

United Nations Development Programme. “Programming for Justice: Access for All: A Practitioner’s Guide to Human Rights-Based Approach to Access to Justice.” 2005.

United Nations Development Programme and United States Agency for International Development. “First Steps in Post-Conflict State-Building: A UNDP-USAID Study.” 2007.

United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. “Basic Principles on the Independence of the Judiciary.” December 13, 1985.

United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. “Basic Principles on the Role of Lawyers.” September 7, 1990.

United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. “Basic Principles on the Use of Force and Firearms by Law Enforcement Officials.” September 7, 1990.

United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. “Code of Conduct for Law Enforcement Officials.” December 17, 1979.

United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. “Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment.” June 26, 1987.

United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. “Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women.” September 3, 1981.

United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. “Convention on the Rights of the Child.” September 2, 1990.

United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. “Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power.” November 29, 1985.

United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. “Guidelines on the Role of Prosecutors.” September 7, 1990.

United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights and the International Bar Association. “Human Rights in the Administration of Justice: A Manual on Human Rights for Judges, Prosecutors and Lawyers.” 2002.

United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. “International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.” March 23, 1976.

United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. “International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.” January 3, 1976.

United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. “Principles Relating to the Status of National Institutions.” 1993.

United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. “Rule-of-Law Tools for Post-Conflict States: Mapping the Justice Sector.” 2006.

United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. “Rule-of-Law Tools for Post-Conflict States: Reparations Programs.” 2008.

United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. “Rule-of-Law Tools for Post-Conflict States: Truth Commissions.” 2006.

United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. “Rule-of-Law Tools for Post-Conflict States: Vetting.” 2006.

United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. “Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice.” November 29, 1985.

United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. “Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners.” May 13, 1977.

United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Handbook on Restorative Justice Programs. Criminal Justice Handbook Series. 2006.

United Nations Secretary-General.” In Larger Freedom: Towards Development, Security and Human Rights for All (UN Doc A/59/2005).” 2005.

United Nations Security Council. “The Rule of Law and Transitional Justice in Conflict and Post-Conflict Societies. Report of the Secretary-General.” 2004.

United States Agency for International Development (Office of Transition Initiatives). “Guide to Program Options in Conflict-Prone Settings.” 2001.

United States Agency for International Development. “Guide to Rule of Law Country Analysis: The Rule of Law Strategic Framework.” 2008.

Watson, Alan. “Legal Transplants: An Approach to Comparative Law,” (2nd ed.) London: The University of Georgia Press, 1993.

Samuels, Kirsti. “Rule of Law Reform in Post-conflict Countries: Operational Initiatives and Lessons Learnt.” Washington, DC: World Bank, 2006.

Stable Governance

Anten, Louise. “Strengthening Governance in Post-Conflict Fragile States.” The Hague, The Netherlands: Clingendael Institute, 2009.

Bajraktari, Yll, and Emily Hsu. “Developing Media in Stabilization and Reconstruction Operations.” United States Institute of Peace Stabilization and Reconstruction Series, no. 7 (2007): 1–19.

Ball, Nicole. “Democratic Governance and the Security Sector in Conflict-Affected Countries,” in Governance in Post-Conflict Societies: Rebuilding Fragile States. New York: Routledge, 2007.

Ballentine, Karen and Heiko Nitzschke. “The Political Economy of Civil War and Conflict Transformation.” Berghof Research Center for Constructive Conflict Management. Final Version April 2005.

Beasley, Kenneth W. “Job Creation in Post-Conflict Societies.” United States Agency for International Development (Center for Development Information and Evaluation). Issue Paper, no. 9 (2006): 1–43.

Bjornlund, Eric, Glenn Cowan, and William Gallery. “Election Systems and Political Parties in Post-Conflict and Fragile States,” in Governance in Post-Conflict Societies: Rebuilding Fragile States. New York: Routledge, 2007.

Bolongaita, Emil. “Controlling Corruption in Post-Conflict Countries.” Kroc Institute Occasional Paper vol. 2, no. 26 (2005): 1–18.

Brahimi, Lakhdar. “State Building in Crisis and Post-Conflict Countries.” 7th Global Forum on Reinventing Government and Rebuilding Trust in Government. 2007.

Brinkerhoff, Derick, ed. Governance in Post-Conflict Societies: Rebuilding Fragile States. New York: Routledge, 2007.

Brinkerhoff, Derick, Ronald Johnson, Richard Hill and Susan Merrill, eds. “Guide to Rebuilding Public Sector Services in Stability Operations: A Role for the Military.” 2009.

Bryan, Shari. “Engaging Political Parties in Post-Conflict Parliaments.” International Conference on Parliaments, Crisis Prevention, and Recovery. 2006.

Bryden, Alan, Timothy Donais, and Heiner Hanggi. “Shaping a Security Governance Agenda in Post-Conflict Peacebuilding.” Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces Policy Paper, no. 11 (2005): 1–29.

Center for Strategic and International Studies and the Association of the United States Army. “Post-Conflict Reconstruction: Task Framework.” 2002.

Cliffe, Sarah, Scott Guggenheim, and Markus Kostner. “Community-Driven Reconstruction as an Instrument in War-to-Peace Transitions.” World Bank Conflict Prevention and Reconstruction Unit Working Papers, no 7 (2003): 1–21.

Clingendael Institute (Conflict Research Unit). “DRAFT: Rebuilding Governance/Statebuilding in Fragile States, Part 1.” 2009.

Cole DeGrasse, Beth, and Christina Caan. “Transitional Governance: From Bullets to Ballots.” Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace, 2006.

Collier, Paul, ed. Breaking the Conflict Trap: Civil War and Development Policy. Washington, DC: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and The World Bank, 2003.

Conaway, Camille Pampell. The Role of Women in Stabilization and Reconstruction. United States Institute of Peace Stabilization and Reconstruction Series, no. 3 (2006): 1–22.

Covey, Jack, Michael J. Dziedzic, and Leonard R. Hawley, eds. The Quest for Viable Peace: International Intervention and Strategies for Conflict Transformation. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 2005.

Debiel, Tobias, and Ulf Terlinden. “Promoting Good Governance in Post-Conflict Societies.” Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development, Division State and Democracy, Project on Democracy and the Rule of Law. 2004.

Department for International Development, United Kingdom. “Eliminating World Poverty: Making Governance Work for the Poor.” 2006.

Dobbins, James, Seth G. Jones, Keith Crane, and Beth Cole DeGrasse. The Beginner’s Guide to Nation-Building. Santa Monica: RAND Corporation, 2007.

Feldman, Noah. “Agreeing to Disagree in Iraq.” New York Times. August 30, 2005. http://www.nyt imes.com/2005/08/30/opinion/30feldman.html (accessed September 18, 2008).

Fraenkel, Eran and Sheldon Himelfarb. “DRAFT Purpose and Possibility: A Formative Media Assessment Template.” United States Institute of Peace Peacebrief (2009).

Ghani, Ashraf, and Clare Lockhart. Fixing Failed States: A Framework for Rebuilding a Fractured World. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.

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Guttieri, Karen, and Jessica Piombo, eds. Interim Governments: Institutional Bridges to Peace and Democracy? Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 2007.

Hart, Vivien. “Democratic Constitution Making.” United States Institute of Peace Special Report, no. 107 (2003): 1–12.

Inbal, A.B., and H. Lerner. “Constitutional Design, Identity, and Legitimacy in Post-Conflict Reconstruction,” in Governance in Post-Conflict Societies: Rebuilding Fragile States. New York: Routledge, 2007.

International Center for Not-for-Profit Law. “Enabling Organizational Development:NGO Legal Reform in Post-Conflict Settings.” The International Journal of Not-for-Profit Law, vol. 9, no. 4 (2007): 1–87.

Jackson, Paul, and Zoe Scott. “Local Government in Post-Conflict Environments.”

United Nations Development Programme, Oslo Governance Centre, and Democratic Governance Group. 2008.

Lamptey, Comfort. “Engaging Civil Society in Peacekeeping: Strengthening Strategic Partnerships between United Nations Peacekeeping Missions and Local Civil Society Organizations during Post-conflict Transition.” United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations. 2007.

London School of Economics. “Center for Civil Society.” http://www.lse.ac.uk/collections/CCS/ (accessed July 2009).

Lund, Michael, Peter Uvin, and Sarah Cohen. “Building Civil Society in Post-Conflict Environments: From the Micro to the Macro.” Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars Occasional Paper Series, no. 1 (2006): 1–15.

MacDonald, Mott. “Provision of Infrastructure in Post-Conflict Situations.” Department for International Development, United Kingdom. 2005.

National Academy of Public Administration (Institutions for Fragile States Initiative). “Civil Service Reforms and International Assistance: An Initial Framework of Lessons Learned.” 2007.

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (Development Co-operation Directorate and Development Assistance Committee). “Fragile States: Policy Commitment and Principles for Good International Engagement in Fragile States and Situations.” 2007.

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. “From Fragility to Resilience: Concepts and Dilemmas of Statebuilding in Fragile States.” 2007. 

Organisation of Economic Co-operation and Development (Development Assistance Committee). Handbook on Security Sector Reform. Paris, France: OECD Publishing, 2007.

Orr, Robert. “Governing When Chaos Rules: Enhancing Governance and Participation,” in Robert Orr. ed., Winning the Peace: An American Strategy for Post-Conflict Reconstruction. Washington, DC: The Center for Strategic and International Studies Press, 2004.

Pouligny, Beatrice. “Civil Society and Post-Conflict Peacebuilding: Ambiguities of International Programmes Aimed at Building ‘New’ Societies.” Security Dialogue, vol. 26, no. 4 (2005): 495–510.

RAND. Guidebook for Economic Development in Stability Operations. Santa Monica, Calif: RAND Corporation, 2009.

Shankleman, Jill. “Managing Natural Resource Wealth.” United States Institute of Peace Stabilization and Reconstruction Series, no. 4 (2006): 1–12.

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United Nations. “International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.” March 23, 1976. http://www.unhchr.ch/html /menu3/b/a_ccpr.htm (accessed September 2, 2008).

United Nations. “United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325.” October 31, 2000. http://www.un. org/events/res_1325e.pdf (accessed September 17, 2008).

United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs and United Nations Development Programme. “The Challenges of Restoring Governance in Crisis and Post-Conflict Countries.” 2007.

United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (Governance and Public Administration Branch and Reconstruction of Governance and Public Administration Cluster). “Governance Strategies for Post-Conflict Reconstruction, Sustainable Peace, and Development.” 2007.

United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Reconstructing Governance and Public Administration for Peaceful, Sustainable Development. New York: United Nations, 2003.

United Nations Development Programme. “Access to Information Practice Note.” 2003.

United Nations Development Programme. “Access to Justice Practice Note.” 2004.

United Nations Development Programme. “Anti-Corruption Practice Note.” 2004.

United Nations Development Programme. “Decentralized Governance for Development: A Combined Practice Note on Decentralization, Local Governance, and Urban/ Rural Development.” 2004.

United Nations Development Programme. “Democratic Governance Group Annual Report.” 2007.

United Nations Development Programme. “Electoral Systems and Processes Practice Note.” 2004.

United Nations Development Programme. “Parliamentary Development Practice Note.” 2003.

United Nations Development Programme. “Parliaments, Crisis Prevention, and Recovery: Guidelines for the International Community.” 2006.

United Nations Development Programme (Institutional Development Group, Bureau for Development Policy). “United Nations Development Programme Lessons Learned in Parliamentary Development.” 2002.

United Nations Development Programme and Christian Michelsen Institute. “Governance in Post-Conflict Situations.” 2004.

United Nations Development Programme and United States Agency for International Development. “First Steps in Post-Conflict State-Building: A UNDP-USAID Study.” 2007.

United Nations Economic Commission for Africa. “2005 African Governance Report.” 2005.

United States Agency for International Development. “Community-Based Development in Conflict-Affected Areas: An Introductory Guide for Programming.” 2007.

United States Agency for International Development (Office of Democracy and Governance, Bureau for Global Programs, Field Support, and Research). “Decentralization and Democratic Local Governance Programming Handbook.” 2000.

United States Agency for International Development. “Economic Governance in War Torn Economies: Lessons Learned from the Marshall Plan to the Reconstruction of Iraq.” 2004.

United States Agency for International Development. “DRAFT: Guidance for Democracy and Governance Programming in Post-Conflict Countries.” 2009.

United States Agency for International Development. “Political Party Assistance Policy.” 2003.

United States Agency for International Development (Economic Growth Office, Bureau for Economic Growth, Agriculture and Trade). “A Guide to Economic Growth Program Planning in Rebuilding Countries.” 2007.

United States Agency for International Development (Office of Democracy and Governance, Bureau for Democracy, Conflict and Humanitarian Assistance). “Money in Politics Handbook: A Guide to Increasing Transparency in Emerging Democracies.” 2003.

United States Army. Field Manual 3-07: Stability Operations. 2008.

United States Department of State (Office of the Coordinator for Reconstruction and Stabilization). “Transition Elections and Political Processes in Reconstruction and Stabilization Operations: Lessons Learned.” 2007.

Whaites, Alan. “States in Development: Understanding State-building.” Department for International Development, United Kingdom (Governance and Social Development Group, Policy and Research Division). DFID Working Paper (2008): 1–24.

World Bank (Conflict Prevention and Reconstruction Unit). “Rebuilding the Civil Service in a Post-Conflict Setting: Key Issues and Lessons of Experience.” Dissemination Notes, no. 1 (2002): 1–4.

World Bank (Social Development Department). “Civil Society and Peacebuilding: Potential, Limitations and Critical Factors.” 2006.

World Bank. “Strengthening Local Governance and Promoting Community Based Development in Afghanistan.” 2008.

World Bank Institute. “Governance: A Participatory, Action-Oriented Program.” 2001.

Sustainable Economy

Ballentine, Karen, and Heiko Nitzschke. “The Political Economy of Civil War and Conflict Transformation.” Berghof Research Center for Constructive Conflict Management. Final Version April 2005.

Bhatia, Michael and Jonathan Goodhand. “Profit and Poverty: Aid, Livelihoods and Conflict in Afghanistan.” Humanitarian Policy Group Background Paper. London: Overseas Development Institute, 2003.

Carvalho, Antonio, and Samia Melhem. Attracting Investment in Post-Conflict Countries:The Importance of Telecommunications. Washington, DC: World Bank, 2005.

Christian Michelsen Institute. “Peace Processes and Statebuilding—Economic and Institutional Provisions of Peace Agreements.” 2007.

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Collier, Paul. “Post-Conflict Economic Recovery.” International Peace Academy. 2006.

Collier, Paul. “Post-Conflict Recovery: How Should Policies Be Distinctive?” Centre for the Study of African Economies. 2007.

Covey, Jock, Michael J. Dziedzic, and Leonard R. Hawley, eds. The Quest for Viable Peace: International Intervention and Strategies for Conflict Transformation. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 2005.

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Department for International Development, United Kingdom. “Why We Need to Work More Effectively in Fragile States.” 2005.

DeSoto, Hernando. The Other Path: The Invisible Revolution in the Third World. New York: Harper & Row, 1989.

Dobbins, James, Seth G. Jones, Keith Crane, and Beth Cole DeGrasse. The Beginner’s Guide to Nation-Building. Santa Monica: RAND Corporation, 2007.

Dougherty, Carter. “Rwanda Savors the Rewards of Coffee.” The New York Times. July 27, 2004. http://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/27/business/rwanda-savors-the-rewardsof-coffee-production.html?n=Top/News/Business/Companies/Starbucks%20Corporation (accessed March 4, 2009).

Ducci, Maria. “Guidelines for Employment and Skills Training in Conflict-Affected Countries.” ILO Action Programme on Skills and Entrepreneurship Training for Countries Emerging from Armed Conflict. http://www.ilo.org/public/english/employment/skills/training/publ/pub21.htm (accessed July 2009).

European Union. “Concept for DDR.” 2006.

Feil, Scott. “Building Better Foundations: Security in Post-Conflict Reconstruction.” The Washington Quarterly, Autumn 2002: 97–109.

Forman, Johanna Mendelson. “Achieving Socioeconomic Well-Being in Postconflict Settings.” The Washington Quarterly, Autumn 2002: 125–38.

Forman, Johanna Mendelson and Merriam Mashatt. “Employment Generation and Economic Development in Stabilization and Reconstruction Operations.” Washington, DC: U.S. Institute of Peace, 2007.

Frasier, Susan, and Majda Bne Saad. “Microfinance in Postconflict Situations: A Case Study of Mozambique.” CDS Research Briefings, Development Research Briefings. 2003.

Ghani, Ashraf, and Clare Lockhart. Fixing Failed States: A Framework for Rebuilding a Fractured World. New York: Oxford University Press, 2008.

Gilpin, Raymond. “Debt Relief in Fragile States.” Presented at “Debt Relief and Beyond: A World Bank Conference on Debt and Development.” The World Bank. Washington, DC: April/May 2009.

Gilpin, Raymond. “Toward Conflict-Sensitive Macroeconomic Growth: Unraveling Challenges for Practitioners.” Presented at “Building Capacity in Stability Operations: Security Sector Reform, Governance and Economics.” United States Army Peacekeeping and Stability Operations Institute and Center for Naval Analysis. Washington, DC: April 2009.

Haughton, Jonathan. “The Reconstruction of War-Torn Economies and Peace-Building Operations.” 2002.

International Labour Organization. “Local Economic Development Operational Guidelines in Post-Crisis Situations.”

International Labour Organization and United Nations High Commissioner on Refugees. “Micro-finance in Post-Conflict Situations: Towards Guiding Principles for Action.” 1999.

International Monetary Fund. “Rebuilding Fiscal Institutions in Post-Conflict Countries.” 2004.

International Monetary Fund (Monetary and Exchange Affairs Department). “Restoring and Transforming Payments and Banking Systems in Post-Conflict Economies.” 2002.

International Peace Academy and the Center for International Security and Cooperation, Stanford University. “Economic Priorities for Peace Implementation.” International Peace Academy Policy on Peace Implementation Paper Series (2002): 1–15.

Japan International Cooperation Agency. “Handbook for Transition Assistance.” 2006.

Kuehnast, Kathleen. “Innovative Approaches to Microfinance in Post-Conflict Situations: Bosnia Local Initiatives Project.” Social Development Notes, no. 50 (2001): 1–4.

MacDonald, Mott. “Provision of Infrastructure in Post-Conflict Situations.” Department for International Development, United Kingdom. 2005.

Measuring Progress in Conflict Environments (MPICE). Metrics Framework for Assessing Conflict Transformation and Stabilization. 2007.

Mendelson Forman, Johanna. “Achieving Socioeconomic Well-Being in Postconflict Settings.” The Washington Quarterly, vol. 25, no. 4 (2002): 125–38.

Mendelson Forman, Johanna and Merriam Mashatt. “Employment Generation and Economic Development in Stabilization and Reconstruction Operations.” United States Institute of Peace Stabilization and Reconstruction Series, no. 6 (2007): 1–21.

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. “Economic Reconstruction in Post-Conflict Transitions: Lessons from the Democratic Republic of Congo.” 2003.

Pearson Peacekeeping Centre. “Reintegration of Ex-Combatants Through Micro-Enterprise: An Operational Framework.” 2005.

Perito, Robert. “The U.S. Experience with Provincial Reconstruction Teams in Afghanistan: Lessons Identified.” United States Institute of Peace Special Report, no. 152 (2005): 1–16.

RAND. Guidebook for Economic Development in Stability Operations. Santa Monica, Calif: RAND Corporation, 2009.

Shankleman, Jill. “Managing Natural Resource Wealth.” United States Institute of Peace Stabilization and Reconstruction Series, no. 4 (2006): 1–12.

United Kingdom Stabilisation Unit. “Helping Countries Recover.” 2008.

United Nations. “Integrated Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration Standards.” http://www.und dr.org/iddrs/framework.php (accessed September 2, 2008).

United Nations (Expert Group Meeting on Natural Resources and Conflict in Africa). “Transforming a Peace Liability into a Peace Asset.” 2006.

United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations. “Peacekeeping Operations Principles and Guidelines.” 2008.

United Nations Development Programme. “The Role of Private Sector Development in Post-Conflict Economic Recovery.” 2007.

United Nations Development Programme. “Sustaining Post-Conflict Economic Recovery: Lessons and Challenges.” 2005.

United Nations Development Programme and United States Agency for International Development. “First Steps in Post-Conflict State-Building: A UNDP-USAID Study.” 2007.

United Nations Environment Programme. “From Conflict to Peacebuilding. The Role of Natural Resources and the Environment.” 2009.

United Nations Secretary-General. Note to the General Assembly, A/C.5/59/31. 2005.

United Nations University. “Strategy for Rebuilding Fiscal Institutions.” 2007.

United States Agency for International Development. “Accelerating the Transition from Conflict to Sustainable Growth.” 2008.

United States Agency for International Development. “Economic Governance in War Torn Economies: Lessons Learned from the Marshall Plan to the Reconstruction of Iraq.” 2004.

United States Agency for International Development. “A Guide to Economic Growth Program Planning in Rebuilding Countries.” 2007.

United States Agency for International Development. “Market Development in Crisis-Affected Environments: Emerging Lessons for Achieving Pro-Poor Economic Reconstruction.” 2007.

United States Agency for International Development. “Micronote #34. Tools for Economic Recovery: A Brief Literature Review.” 2007.

United States Army. Field Manual 3-07: Stability Operations. 2008.

Winer, Jonathan. “Illicit Finance and Global Conflict.” Fafo Report, no. 380 (2002): 1–59.

World Bank. “Contracting and Procurement Guidelines.” 2004. http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/CSO/0,,contentMDK:20094613~menuPK:220448~pagePK:220503~piPK:220476~theSitePK:228717,00.html, accessed June 22, 2009.

World Bank. “Natural Resources and Violent Conflict: Options and Actions.” 2003.

World Bank (Conflict Prevention and Reconstruction Unit). “Rebuilding the Civil Service in a Post-Conflict Setting.” Dissemination Notes. 2002.

United States Agency for International Development. “Livelihoods and Conflict. A Toolkit for Intervention. Key Issues, Lessons Learned, Program Options, Resources.” 2005.

Social Well-Being

Anderson, Mary B. Do No Harm: How Aid Can Support Peace—or War. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc., 1999.

Barsalou, Judy. “Trauma and Transitional Justice in Divided Societies.” United States Institute of Peace Special Report, no. 135 (2005): 1-11.

Barsalou, Judy and Victoria Baxter. “The Urge to Remember. The Role of Memorials in Social Reconstruction and Transitional Justice.” United States Institute of Peace Stabilization and Reconstruction Series, no. 5 (2007): 1–22.

Brookings Institution. “Durable Solutions for IPDs: An Essential Dimension of Peacebuilding,” 2009.

Brookings Institution (Project on Internal Displacement). “Rethinking ‘Relief ’ and ‘Development’ in Transitions from Conflict.” 1999.

Brookings Institution (Project on Internal Displacement) and the University of Bern. “Addressing Internal Displacement in Peace Processes, Peace Agreements and Peace-Building.” 2007.

Center for Stabilization and Reconstruction Studies. “Humanitarian Roles in Insecure Environments.” 2005.

Center for Stabilization and Reconstruction Studies, Assistant Secretary of Defense for Health Affairs, and International Medical Corps. “Healing the Wounds: Rebuilding Healthcare Systems in Post-Conflict Environments.” 2007.

Cole, Elizabeth A., and Judy Barsalou. “Unite or Divide? The Challenges of Teaching History in Societies Emerging from Violent Conflict.” Washington, DC: U.S. Institute of Peace, 2006.

Colletta, Nat, and Michelle Cullen. Violent Conflict and the Transformation of Social Capital. Lessons from Cambodia, Rwanda, Guatemala, and Somalia. Washington, DC: World Bank, 2000.

Collier, Paul, and Anke Hoeffler. “Aid, Policy, and Growth in Post-Conflict Societies.” World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, no. 2902 (2002): 1–24.

Conflictsensitivity.org “Chapter 1: An Introduction to Conflict-Sensitive Approaches to Development. Humanitarian Assistance and Peacebuilding,” in Conflict-Sensitive Approaches to Development, Humanitarian Assistance and Peacebuilding: A Resource Pack. http://conflictsensitivity.org/node/51 (accessed April 9, 2009).

Covey, Jack, Michael J. Dziedzic, and Leonard R. Hawley, eds. The Quest for Viable Peace: International Intervention and Strategies for Conflict Transformation. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 2005.

Dobbins, James, Seth G. Jones, Keith Crane, and Beth Cole DeGrasse. The Beginner’s Guide to Nation-Building. Santa Monica: RAND Corporation, 2007. 

Docking, Timothy. “AIDS and Violent Conflict in Africa.” Washington, DC: U.S. Institute of Peace, 2001.

Fitzpatrick, Daniel. “Land Policy in Post-conflict Circumstances: Some Lessons from East Timor.” New Issues in Refugee Research, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Working Paper, no. 58 (2002): 1–27.

Flournoy, Michèle, and Michael Pan. “Dealing with Demons: Justice and Reconciliation.” The Washington Quarterly vol. 25, no. 4 (2002): 111–23.

Gallagher, Dennis. “Challenges to Voluntary Repatriation.” United States Agency for International Development Conference. October 30–31, 1997.

Grossmann, Georg, and Hildegard Lingnau. “Addressing the Past—Fostering Reconciliation.” Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ). 2003.

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Institute for Resource and Security Studies. “Social Reconstruction in Afghanistan through the Lens of Health and Human Security.” 2003.

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Inter-Agency Standing Committee. “Guidelines for HIV/AIDS Interventions in Emergency Settings.” 2004.

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International Peace Academy. “Housing, Land, Property and Conflict Management: Identifying Policy Options for Rule of Law Programming.” 2005.

International Peace Academy. “International Assistance to Countries Emerging from Conflict: A Review of Fifteen Years of Interventions and the Future of Peacebuilding.” The Security-Development Nexus Program Policy Paper (2006): 1–67.

International Peace Academy. “The Role of Civil Society in National Reconciliation and Peacebuilding in Liberia.” 2002.

Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). “Reducing HIV Stigma and Discrimination: A Critical Part of National AIDS Programmes.” 2007.

Kalin, Walter. “Durable Solutions for Internally Displaced Persons: An Essential Dimension of Peacebuilding.” Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 2008. http://www.brookings.edu/papers/2008/0313_peacebuilding_kalin.aspx, accessed June 22, 2009.

Miller-Grandvaux, Yolande. “DRAFT Context Paper: What is the role of education as it relates to reducing fragility?” United States Agency for International Development. 2009.

Newbrander, William. “Rebuilding Health Systems and Providing Health Services in Fragile States.” Management Sciences for Health, no. 7 (2007).

Nicolai, Susan. “Learning independence: Education in emergency and transition in Timor-Leste since 1999.” International Institute for Educational Planning, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. 2004.

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (Development Assistance Committee). “Education in Fragile States: Capturing Lessons and Identifying Good Practice.” 2006.

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. “High-Level Forum on the Health MDGs: Health in Fragile States: An Overview Note.” Development Cooperation Directorate, DCD (2005) 8/REV2. 7 April 2005.

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. “Reconciliation.” Development Assistance Committee Issues Brief. 2005.

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. “Service Delivery in Fragile States: Advancing Donor Practice.” 2005.

Orr, Robert, ed. Winning the Peace: An American Strategy for Post-Conflict Reconstruction. Washington, DC: The Center for Strategic and International Studies Press, 2004.

Oxfam. “Transitional Settlement—Displaced Populations.” 2005. Parliament of Burundi, Inter-Parliamentary Union, and the International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance. “Summary and Recommendations Presented by

the Rapporteur of the Seminar, Regional Seminar on the Role of Parliaments in the National Reconciliation Process in Africa.” 2005.

Petrin, Sarah. “Refugee Return and State Reconstruction: A Comparative Analysis.” United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Working Paper, no. 66 (2002).

Ranson, Kent, Tim Poletti, Olga Bornemisza, and Egbert Sondorp. “Promoting Health Equity in Conflict-Affected Fragile States.” World Health Organization, Health Systems Knowledge Network. February 3, 2007.

Refugee Studies Centre and Norwegian Refugee Council. “Education in Emergencies: Learning for a peaceful future.” Forced Migration Review, no. 22, January 2005.

Rose, Pauline and Martin Greeley. Education in Fragile States: Capturing Lessons and Identifying Good Practice. DAC Fragile States Group, May 2006.

Seitz, Klaus. “Education and Conflict: The role of education in the creation, prevention and resolution of societal crises—Consequences for development cooperation.” Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit for Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development. December 2004.

Shaw, Rosalind. “Rethinking Truth and Reconciliation Commissions. Lessons from Sierra Leone.” United States Institute of Peace Special Report, no.130 (2005): 1–12.

Sinclair, Margaret. “Planning education in and after emergencies.” Fundamentals of Educations Planning vol. 73Paris: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, 2002.

Smith, Alan, and Tony Vaux. “Education, Conflict and International Development.” London: United Kingdom Department for International Development, 2003.

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United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. “Handbook for Emergencies.” 2000.

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. “Mind the Gap! UNHCR, Humanitarian Assistance and the Development Process.” New Issues in Refugee Research Working Paper, no. 43 (2001).

United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. “Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement.” 2004.

United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. “Convention on the Rights of the Child.” September 2, 1990.

United Nations Office for the High Commissioner for Human Rights. “Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement.” 1998.

United Nations World Food Programme (Emergency Needs Assessment Branch). “Emergency Food Security Assessment Handbook.” 2005.

United Nations World Food Programme and World Bank (High-Level Forum on the Health Millennium Development Goals). “Health Service Delivery in Post-Conflict States.” 2005.

United Nations World Food Summit. “Rome Declaration on World Food Security and World Food Summit Plan of Action.” 1996.

United States Agency for International Development. “Community-Based Development in Conflict-Affected Areas.” 2007.

United States Agency for International Development (Bureau for Humanitarian Response, Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance). “Field Operations Guide for Disaster Assessment and Response. Version 3.0.” 1998.

United States Agency for International Development. Fragile States Strategy. 2005.

United States Agency for International Development (Office of Transition Initiatives). “Guide to Program Options in Conflict-Prone Settings.” 2001.

United States Agency for International Development. “Promoting Social Reconciliation in Post-Conflict Societies: Selected Lessons from USAID’s Experience.” USAID Program and Operations Assessment Report, no. 24. 1999.

United States Agency for International Development (Bureau for Policy and Program Coordination). “United States Foreign Aid: Meeting the Challenges of the Twentyfirst Century.” United States Agency for International Development White Paper (2004): 1–34.

United States Institute of Peace, InterAction, and United States Department of Defense. Guidelines for Relations Between the U.S. Armed Forces and Nongovernmental Humanitarian Organizations. 2007.

Waldman, Ron. “Health in Fragile States, Country Case Study: Democratic Republic of the Congo.” Arlington, Va.: Basic Support for Institutionalizing Child Survival (BASICS) for U.S. Agency for International Development. 2006.

Waldman, Ron. “Health Programming for Rebuilding States: A Briefing Paper.” Arlington, Va.: Basic Support for Institutionalizing Child Survival (BASICS) for U.S. Agency for International Development. 2007.

World Bank. “Financing and Aid Management Arrangements in Post-Conflict Settings.” Social Development Notes, Conflict Prevention & Reconstruction, no. 12 (2003): 1–4.

World Bank. “Reshaping the Future. Education and Postconflict Reconstruction.” 2005.

World Bank. “Violent Conflict and the Transformation of Social Capital: Lessons from Cambodia, Rwanda, Guatemala, and Somalia.” 2000.

World Bank (World Bank Operations Evaluation Department). “The World Bank’s Experience with Post-Conflict Reconstruction.” 1998.

World Health Organization. “Rapid Assessment of Mental Health Needs of Refugees: Displaced and Other Populations Affected by Conflict and Post-Conflict Situations. A Community-Oriented Assessment.” 2001.

815. These resources were reviewed to inform the writing of this manual and primarily come from institutional actors.

Appendix B: Participants in Review Process [816]

United States Government

U.S. Department of State (DOS)

U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID)

U.S. Department of Defense (DOD)

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS)

U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ)

United Nations

Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO)

Department of Political Affairs (DPA)

Development Programme (UNDP)

High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)

Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR)

International Labour Organisation (ILO)

Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA)

Peacebuilding Support Office (PBSO)

United Kingdom

Cabinet Office

Department for International Development (DFID)

Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO)

Ministry of Defence (MOD)

Stabilisation Unit

 

France

Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA)

Ministry of Defence (MOD)

Unit for Conflict Prevention and Reconstruction (CPRU)

Germany

Zentrum fur Internationale Friedenseinsatze (ZIF)

Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA)

Ministry of Defence (MOD)

Netherlands

Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA)

Ministry of Defence (MOD)

Intergovernmental Organizations

European Union (EU)

European Council

European Commission

International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)

North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)

Nongovernmental Organizations

Environmental Law Institute

European Council of Foreign Relations (ECFR)

Geneva Centre for Security Policy

Geneva Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF)

Geneva Peacebuilding Platform (GPP)

German Agency for Technical Cooperation (GTZ)

International Council of Voluntary Agencies (ICVA)

International Crisis Group (ICG)

Netherlands Institute of International Relations–Clingendael

World Vision

 ------------------------

816. The agencies on this list were consulted and involved at various points in the development of this manual.

Appendix C: Summary of Strategic Frameworks Surveyed

International

  • Challenges Project
  • Organisation for Economic Co-operaiton and Development
  • UN Department of Political Affairs
  • UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs
  • UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations
  • World Bank
  • UN Development Programme
  • International Monetary Fund

Regional

  • African Union
  • North Atlantic Treaty Organization
  • Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
  • European Union

State

  • Japanese International Cooperation Agency
  • UK Department of International Development
  • UK Stabilisation Unit
  • U.S. Agency for International Development
  • U.S. State Department
  • U.S. Defense Science Board
  • U.S. Army
  • U.S. Joint Forces Command
  • Utstein Study: Germany, Norway, United Kingdom
  • France
  • Germany
  • Norwegian Institute of International Affairs

Nongovernmental

  • Center for Strategic and International Studies
  • Association of the U.S. Army
  • National Defense University
  • RAND Corporation
  • Sphere Project
  • State Effectiveness Institute
  • Atlantic Council
  • U.S. Institute of Peace

Appendix D: Snapshot of Components From Overarching Resources

CSIS-AUSA

RAND UNDP-USAID US Army OECD UNDP/World Bank US S/CRS AU NEPAD
Security Security Civil security Security Security Security Security Security
Justice and reconciliation Democratization Judicial governance Civil control     Justice and reconciliation Human rights, justice, and reconciliation
Governance and participation Governance Political governance Support to governance Political Political Governance and participation Political transi- tion, governance
  Economic stabilization Economic Support to economic/ infrastructure development Economic Economic Economic stabilization and infrastructure Socioeconomic development
Social and economic well- being Humanitarian relief   Restore essential services Social Social    
  Development Administrative         Coordination and manage- ment

Acronyms

AU NEPAD - African Union New Partnership for Africa’s Development

AUSA - Association of the U.S. Army

CSIS - Center for Strategic and International Studies

OECD - Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development

UNDP - United Nations Development Programme

USAID - U.S. Agency for International Development

US S/CRS - U.S. Department of State Coordinator for Reconstruction and Stabilization

Appendix E. Acronyms and Glossary of Selected Key Terms

Acronyms

ADR Alternative dispute resolution

APM Antipersonnel mines

ATM Antitank mines

CSO Civil society organization

DD Disarmament and dstrongobilization

DDR Disarmament, dstrongobilization, and reintegration

ICRC International Committee of the Red Cross

IDP Internally displaced person

IMF International Monetary Fund

FDI Foreign direct investment

MPICE Measuring Progress in Conflict Environments

NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization

NGO Nongovernmental organization

NSJS Non-state justice syststrong

NSPD 44 National Security Presidential Directive 44

OECD Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development

OSCE Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe

Pstrong Public expenditure managstrongent

S&R Stabilization and reconstruction

S/CRS Office of the Coordinator for Reconstruction and Stabilization at the U.S. Department of State

SPEC Sectoral Practices and Experience in Coordination

SSR Security sector reform

UK DFID United Kingdom Department for International Development

UN United Nations

UNDG United Nations Development Group

UNDP United Nations Development Programme

UNDPKO United Nations Development of Peacekeeping Operations

USAID United States Agency for International Development

UXO Unexploded ordnance

Terms

This glossary lists selected terms. An asterisk appears in cases where this manual presents an original definition. All other definitions are cited to resources that can be found in Appendix A, Resource List.

Accountability

Holding individuals and organizations responsible for performance measured as objectively as possible. Accountability stands on three key pillars: financial, political, and administrative. (Transparency International & UN Human Settlstrongents Programme, “Tools to Support Transparency in Local Governance.”)

Basic Human Needs

The needs required by human beings for survival with dignity, such as food security and nutrition, water and sanitation, primary health care, family planning and reproductive health, shelter and education. All of these needs are enshrined in international legal instruments and can also be understood as human rights. (JICA, Handbook for Transition Assistance.)

Capacity Building*

The transfer of technical knowledge and skills to host nation individuals and institutions to help thstrong develop effective policies and administer state services across the economic, social, political, and security realms.

Civil-Military Cooperation*

The resources and arrangstrongents that support three relationships: between civilian and military actors of official government and intergovernmental institutions; between the military and nongovernmental organizations; and between the military and the host nation government and its population.

Civil Society

The arena of uncoerced collective action around shared interests, purposes and values. In theory, its institutional forms are distinct from those of the state, family, and market, though in practice, the boundaries among state, civil society, family, and market are often complex, blurred, and negotiated. Civil society organizations can include a wide array of nongovernmental and not-for-profit organizations that have a presence in public life, expressing the interests and values of their mstrongbers or others, based on ethical, cultural, political, scientific, religious, or philanthropic considerations. (World Bank, “Civil Society and Peacebuilding” and London School of Economics, Centre for Civil Society.)

Coherence*

Close cooperation and consistency in policy across agencies working toward a shared goal in a stabilization and reconstruction environment. (Derived from DRAFT United Kingdom Comprehensive Approach Working Group, Inter-Departmental Glossary of Planning Terminology [CAWG].)

Comprehensive Approach*

An approach that brings together the efforts of the departments and agencies of the U.S. government, intergovernmental and nongovernmental organizations, multinational partners, and private sector entities based on commonly understood principles and collaborative processes, toward a shared goal.

Conflict Transformation

The process of diminishing the motivations and means for destructive forms of conflict while developing local institutions so they can take the lead role in national governance, economic development, and enforcing the rule of law. Success in this process permits an evolution from internationally imposed stability to a peace that is sustainable by local actors, with the international community providing continued support at a greatly reduced costs. (U.S. Government, “Draft Planning Framework for Reconstruction, Stabilization, and Conflict Transformation.”)

Cooperation*

The sharing of information and the deconfliction of activities as much as possible among independent individuals or institutions so as not to undermine a shared goal.

Coordination*

A deliberate process to make different individuals or institutions work together for a goal or effect.

Development

Long-term efforts aimed at bringing improvstrongents in the economic, political, and social status, environmental stability, and the quality of life for all segments of the population. (DRAFT UK CAWG, Inter-Departmental Glossary of Planning Terminology.)

Disarmament, Dstrongobilization, and Reintegration (DDR)

A process that contributes to security and stability in a stabilization and reconstruction context by rstrongoving weapons from the hands of combatants, taking the combatants out of military structures, and helping thstrong to integrate socially and economically into society by finding civilian livelihoods. (United Nations, Integrated DDR Standard.)

Drivers of Conflict*

A source of instability pushing groups within a host nation toward open conflict.

End State*

The ultimate goals of a society strongerging from conflict.

Humanitarian Assistance

Material or logistical assistance provided for humanitarian purposes, typically in response to humanitarian crises. The primary objective of humanitarian assistance is to save lives, alleviate suffering, and maintain human dignity. (United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations [UNDPKO], “Peacekeeping Operations Principles and Guidelines.”)

Human Capital

The stock of knowledge and skill strongbodied in the population of an economy. (Deardorff ’s Glossary of International Economics.)

Humanity

The goal of alleviating human suffering in all circumstances, protecting life, and health and ensuring respect for the individual. (Derived from the International Committee of the Red Cross [ICRC], ”The Fundamental Principles of the Red Cross.”)

Human Rights

A set of basic rights protected in international law that apply to all individuals regardless of gender, race, religion, ethnicity, and so on. In national constitutions, human rights are sometimes referred to as fundamental rights. (United Kingdom Department for International Development, “Safety, Security and Accessible Justice.”)

Human Security

Security that has two main aspects: (1) safety from such chronic threats as hunger, disease and repression; (2) protection from sudden and hurtful disruptions in the patterns of daily life—whether in homes, in jobs, or in communities. Such threats can exist at all levels of national income and development. (Derived from United Nations Development Programme, “1994 Human Development Report.”)

Independence

The autonomy of humanitarian actors from the actions or policies of any government, so that they are able to adhere to these principles. (Derived from the ICRC, “The Fundamental Principles of the Red Cross.”)

Impartiality

The principle that humanitarian assistance must be based on need alone, without regard to nationality, race, religion, class, or politics. (Derived from ICRC, “The Fundamental Principles of the Red Cross.”)

Informal*

For the purposes of this manual, refers to a syststrong, process, or institution that is not officially controlled by the government.

Internally Displaced Person (IDP)

Person, or groups of persons who have been forced or obliged to flee or to leave their homes or places of habitual residence, in particular as a result of or in order to avoid the effects of armed conflict, situations of generalized violence, violations of human rights or natural or human-made disasters, and who have not crossed an internationally recognized state border. (Derived from United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, “Guiding Principles on Internal Displacstrongent.”)

Integration*

The bringing together of capabilities in a coherent manner to achieve unity of effort.

Legitimacy*

The degree to which the population accepts and supports the mission, its mandate and its behavior over time; the degree to which the local population accepts and supports the host nation government (which can include informal government structures as well); the manner in which the government attains power; and the extent to which regional neighbors and the international community accept the mission mandate and its actions and the host nation government.

Marginalized Groups*

Marginalized groups suffer from a social, economic, or political process that renders an individual or an ethnic or national group powerless or to a lower social standing.

Neutrality

A deliberate policy of not taking sides in hostilities or engaging in controversies involving politics, race, religion, or ideology. (Derived from ICRC, “The Fundamental Principles of the Red Cross.”)

Nongovernmental Organization (NGO)

A private, self-governing, not-for-profit organization dedicated to alleviating human suffering; promoting education, health care, economic development, environmental protection, human rights, and conflict resolution; and/or encouraging the establishment of dstrongocratic institutions and civil society. (United States Institute of Peace, “The Guide for Participants in Peace, Stability, and Relief Operations.”)

Peacebuilding

Measures aimed at reducing the risk of lapsing or relapsing into conflict, by strengthening national capacities for conflict managstrongent and laying the foundations for sustainable peace. (UN DPKO, “Peacekeeping Operations Principles and Guidelines.”)

Peace Enforcstrongent

Coercive action undertaken with the authorization of the United Nations Security Council to maintain or restore international peace and security in situations where the Security Council has determined the existence of a threat to the peace, breach of the peace, or act of aggression. (UN DPKO, “Peacekeeping Operations Principles and Guidelines.”)

Peacekeeping

Action undertaken to preserve peace, however fragile, where fighting has been halted and to assist in implstrongenting agrestrongents achieved by the peacstrongakers. (UNDPKO, “Peacekeeping Operations Principles and Guidelines.”)

Predatory Economic Actors*

Broadly refer to any group or individual who engages in or directly benefits from illegal economic activity that promotes violence and/or undermines efforts for good governance and economic development. These actors can exist inside or outside of government.

Reconciliation*

A process through which people move from a divided past to a shared future, the ultimate goal being the peaceful coexistence of all individuals in a society.

Reconstruction

The process of rebuilding degraded, damaged, or destroyed political, socioeconomic, and physical infrastructure of a country or territory to create the foundation for long-term development. (United States Army, Field Manual 3-07: Stability Operations.)

Refugee(s)

Individuals who are outside the country of their nationality due to well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, or mstrongbership of a social group or political opinion. (Derived from United Nations, “1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees.”)

Security Sector Reform (SSR)

The set of policies, plans, programs, and activities that a government undertakes to improve the way it provides safety, security, and justice. (United States Department of State, United States Department of Defense, United States Agency for International Development, “Security Sector Reform.”)

Social capital*

The resources that create a strong network of institutionalized relationships in society.

Spoilers

Individuals or parties who believe that the peace process threatens their power and interests and will therefore work to undermine it. (United Nations Development Group and World Bank, “Draft Joint Guidance Note.”)

Stability

A characteristic of a state or a nation that determines its likelihood to continue or last. The tendency of such a state or a nation to recover from perturbations and resist sudden change or deterioration. (United States Department of State, Office of the Coordinator for Reconstruction and Stabilization, “DRAFT: U.S. Government Whole-of-Government Definitions.”)

Stabilization

Ending or preventing the recurrence of violent conflict and creating the conditions for normal economic activity and nonviolent politics. (UK Stabilisation Unit, “Helping Countries Recover From Violent Conflict.”)

Transparency

Connotes the conduct of public business in a manner that affords stakeholders wide accessibility to the decision-making process and the ability to effectively influence it. (Transparency International and UN Human Settlstrongents Programme, “Tools to Support Transparency in Local Governance.”)

Unity of Effort*

The outcome of coordination and cooperation among all actors, even when the participants come from many different organizations with diverse operating cultures.

Violent Conflict*

A clash of political interests between organized groups characterized by a sustained and large-scale use of force.

Vulnerable Groups*

A group that is susceptible to attack, injury, discrimination, or other harm.

Whole-of-Government

An approach that integrates the collaborative efforts of the departments and agencies of the U.S. government to achieve unity of effort toward a shared goal. (United States Army, Field Manual 3-07: Stability Operations.)