For almost a decade, the U.S. Institute of Peace and its Iraqi partners have supported ethnic and religious minority communities in Iraq as part of the Institute’s broader mission of helping the country strengthen communal and institutional resilience. Employing innovative approaches to peacebuilding, USIP seeks to empower minority groups including Christians, Faily Kurds, Kakayees, Sabean-Mandaeans, Shabaks, and Eyzidis (Yazidis) to solve inter-communal disputes, and to advocate at all levels of government for their rights, access to services, and security.


To do so, the Institute works directly with local civil society organizations and networks. In the post-ISIS era these groups are playing a vital role in creating conditions for the safe, voluntary and sustainable return of minority internally displaced persons (IDPs) and refugees to their communities in the Nineveh Plains, Sinjar (Shingal) and elsewhere in northern Iraq.

Before the rise of ISIS, Iraq’s minority groups were increasingly shut out of government decision-making both locally and in Baghdad. Their marginalization contributed significantly to the failure to protect predominantly minority areas, and ultimately helped ease the way for the extremists’ invasion, which uprooted their communities.

Today, the minorities of Iraq continue to experience physical insecurity, political exclusion and a lack of proper public services. Meanwhile, the threat posed by intercommunal tensions among minority groups has discouraged many displaced residents from returning to their homes and contributed to emigration from their ancestral towns and villages. These conditions hamper early recovery efforts and development of longer-term resilience.

Alliance of Iraqi Minorities

Alliance of Iraqi Minorities
USIP helped establish, and continues to support, the Alliance of Iraqi Minorities (AIM), a coalition of civil society organizations that provides a voice for minority groups. AIM was formed in 2011 and is comprised of 18 non-governmental organizations (NGOs) representing the Christian, Faily Kurd, Kakayee, Sabean-Mandaean, Shabak, and Eyzidi (Yazidi) communities, among others.

  • In 2012, AIM successfully pushed for a change in the national budget law that led to minority areas receiving a more equitable share of government funding. The following year, AIM worked to implement the new law by leading a participatory budgeting process in Nineveh, which resulted in construction of schools, clinics, roads, and water projects. While the ISIS calamity and subsequent displacement disrupted its efforts, AIM resumed its work by developing a toolkit on participatory budgeting that shows how civic participation can contribute to stabilization of liberated minority areas. Participatory budgeting provides minority communities with a chance to join in decisions on local resource allocation, and offers a productive outlet for engagement with local and provincial governments—a substantive alternative to violence and migration. AIM has broadened public exposure to the participatory budgeting toolkit through workshops in towns throughout northern Iraq. 
  • In 2012 and 2013, AIM contributed to changes in Iraqi textbooks and school curriculums to include information on minorities and passages from their holy books and literature. Today, AIM is working with education officials in Baghdad and Erbil on broader education reform efforts.
  • In 2013 and 2015, AIM sought amendments to the Law on Regulating Rights of Components in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Its recommendations to the region’s parliament included ensuring a role for minorities in formulating legislation and policy, guaranteeing their representation in the judiciary and strengthening implementation of the law itself.
  • The Alliance proved particularly important in relation to addressing the tragic effects of ISIS. During and after the extremist group’s attacks on minority communities in 2014, AIM helped document ISIS crimes against Eyzidi (Yazidi) women and advised Iraq’s parliament and the international community on minorities’ needs. AIM advocates for repa­rations for minority communities harmed by ISIS violence and works with government agencies to help revive devastated minority communities.
 
 

Outcome-Oriented Facilitated Dialogues

USIP also works with minority communities to initiate problem-solving dialogues and other activities in key Iraqi provinces, especially as they relate to displaced minority groups and Iraq’s delicate social fabric. As tensions arise between the country’s ethnic and religious groups in areas liberated from ISIS—including non-minority sectors—USIP encourages reconciliation and community building by identifying the barriers, challenges and opportunities for conflict resolution.

USIP has invested significantly in its strategic partner Sanad for Peacebuilding, an Iraqi peacebuilding organization, and the Network of Iraqi Facilitators (NIF), as well as AIM, through training and mentoring on facilitated dialogue. With technical support from USIP, these locally led programs focus on de-escalating conflict by forging agreements that address governance, security and economic grievances at the community, local, and national levels. USIP’s outcome-oriented dialogue processes have been implemented in Tikrit, Hawija, Mahmoudiyah and elsewhere across Iraq.

  • In the summer of 2018, USIP and Sanad began a dialogue process with tribal and community leaders, including both Sunni and Shia Turkmen, in Ayadiya, a town near the city of Tal Afar. In August, tribal and community leaders, representatives from the central government, and the local governments in Nineveh governorate and in Tal Afar district signed an agreement that facilitates the return of 40,000 IDPs and sets out peaceful coexistence principles.
  • In Nineveh province, USIP and AIM have worked on reconciliation between the Christian and Shabak communities in the town of Bartella since 2011. Significant tensions between them from 2011 to 2013 spurred a USIP-facilitated dialogue that in turn led to the formation of a Christian-Shabak committee of community leaders designed to foster peaceful coexistence. However, demographic changes and the rise of local armed groups following ISIS’s occupation strained relations, raising significant barriers to IDPs’ return. As a result, in 2017 USIP and Sanad began a continuing dialogue initiative— supported by AIM — to address intra-community tensions among Christians and Shabaks.

Research

To better identify the drivers of conflict and barriers to return, USIP has collaborated with AIM and local researchers to collect data on stabilization and conflict dynamics, exploring local perceptions and inter-group relations, specifically between Christians and Shabak in the Nineveh Plains. The research presents recommendations to various stakeholders and decision-makers on the best means to address group grievances in the area.

In 2016 and 2017, USIP produced, in partnership with the Middle East Research Institute five studies on the perceptions of reconciliation held by minority communities in Nineveh province including Christian, Eyzidi (Yazidi), Sabean-Mandaean, Shabak and Turkmen. These assessments, which provide insights into the causes of conflict and demands of these communities, have been shared with international and national stakeholders including the U.S. and Iraqi governments. The research contains recommendations for the communities and can help policymakers craft a strategy for greater minority inclusion in Iraq by shedding light on the sources of conflict and grievance.

Featured Publications

Sarhang Hamasaeed testifies before the House Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on Africa, Global Health, Global Human Rights and International Organizations

The ISIS Genocide Declaration: What Next?

Sarhang Hamasaeed, senior program officer for the Middle East programs at the U.S. Institute of Peace, testified before the House Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on Africa, Global Health, Global Human Rights and International Organizations.

Senator Joni Ernst

Event Highlight

Senator Joni Ernst to Discuss U.S. Policy Options in Post-ISIS Iraq

U.S. Senator Joni Ernst (R-IA) joined the U.S. Institute of Peace to give remarks on U.S. policy options in Iraq in the post-ISIS era. She discussed the protection of religious minority groups and offered her perspective on Iranian influence in the country and region.

event panel

Event Highlight

Stabilizing Iraq: What Is the Future for Minorities?

USIP held an examination of the work required to protect and include minorities, and the roles that can be played by Iraq’s national government, the Kurdistan Regional Government, and the United States.

Latest Publications

What a Transitional Government in Haiti will Require to Succeed

What a Transitional Government in Haiti will Require to Succeed

Thursday, March 28, 2024

By: Nicolás Devia-Valbuena;  Keith Mines

After weeks of consultations, and amidst a near total breakdown of law and order in Haiti, a Caribbean Community (CARICOM)-led effort to create a new transitional governing council may be nearing completion. The council’s establishment would allow for the entry of a multinational security force that would then be able to join with the Haitian National Police and restore order. Some have suggested the inclusion of “enablers” for the new security force — air support, drones, intelligence. But to gain the trust of the Haitian people, the new governing council will need its own popular “enablers,” a systematic way to include many more sectors of Haitian society that are currently ignored or deliberately excluded from governance.

Type: Analysis

Global Policy

Promoting Peace and Stability in the Americas through Religious Freedom

Promoting Peace and Stability in the Americas through Religious Freedom

Thursday, March 28, 2024

By: Knox Thames

The Western Hemisphere is generally known for protecting freedom of religion or belief. With a few notable exceptions, the countries of the region all enshrine religious freedom at the constitutional level and protect it through laws and policies. But in recent years, authoritarian governments in South America have increasingly viewed religious actors as threats to their regime’s survival and tried to control or crush independent religious activity.

Type: Analysis

Religion

Moscow Concert Hall Attack Will Have Far-Reaching Impact

Moscow Concert Hall Attack Will Have Far-Reaching Impact

Wednesday, March 27, 2024

By: Mary Glantz, Ph.D.;  Gavin Helf, Ph.D.;  Asfandyar Mir, Ph.D.;  Andrew Watkins

On Friday, terrorists attacked the Crocus City Hall outside Moscow leaving 140 people dead and 80 others critically wounded. Soon after, the Islamic State claimed responsibility for the attack. The terrorist group, which is headquartered in Iraq and Syria, has several branches, including in South and Central Asia. Press reports suggest the U.S. government believes the Afghanistan-based affiliate of the Islamic State, ISIS-Khorasan (ISIS-K), was behind the attack. The Biden administration has publicly noted that it had warned the Russian government of the terrorism threat in early March in line with the procedure of “Duty to Warn.”

Type: Analysis

Global Policy

What Does the U.N. Cease-Fire Resolution Mean for the Israel-Gaza War?

What Does the U.N. Cease-Fire Resolution Mean for the Israel-Gaza War?

Tuesday, March 26, 2024

By: Robert Barron

On March 25, the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) passed Resolution 2728, calling for an “immediate” cease-fire in Gaza. The motion’s passage came after weeks of back and forth and posturing among the UNSC’s permanent and rotating members. The exact phrasing of the resolution and its relevance to the situation on the ground, as well as bilateral and multilateral relations — particularly U.S.-Israel ties — have been the subject of heavy public and media attention since Monday, raising questions about the resolution’s subtext, intent and limitations. USIP’s Robert Barron looks at these questions.

Type: Question and Answer

Global PolicyPeace Processes

Angela Stent on the Terror Attack in Moscow

Angela Stent on the Terror Attack in Moscow

Monday, March 25, 2024

By: Angela Stent

While ISIS has claimed responsibility for the devastating terror attack in Moscow, Putin has baselessly tried to shift the blame to Ukraine, says USIP’s Angela Stent: “[Putin] wants to use this to increase repression at home … and also to pursue a more aggressive path in Ukraine.”

Type: Podcast

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