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Networking Dissent Tiffany Danitz and Warren P. Strobel 2. Dana Priest, "U.S. Activist Receives Nobel Peace Prize for Land Mine Campaign; Home-Based Effort, via Computer, led to International Ban in Treaty," The Washington Post, October 11, 1997, p. A1. return 3. See, for example, Warren P. Strobel, Late-Breaking Foreign Policy: The News Media’s Impact on Peace Operations (Washington, DC: U.S. Institute of Peace Press, 1997). return 4. For example, see Brook Larmer, Revolutions Without Guns: Nonviolent Resistance in the "Global Village," unpublished work-in-progress presentation, U.S. Institute of Peace, April 27, 1995. return 5. Ibid.; Ted Koppel, "The Global Information Revolution and TV News," address to the United States Institute of Peace conference, Managing Chaos, Washington, DC, December 1, 1994; Johanna Neuman, The Media: Partners in the Revolutions of 1989, Atlantic Council Occasional Paper (Washington, DC: Atlantic Council Publications, June 1991). return 6. Secretary of State George Shultz, quoted in David Ronfeldt, "Cyberocracy Is Coming," The Information Society Journal, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 243-296. Also at www.livelinks.com/sumeria/politics/cyber.html. return 7. Johanna Neuman, Lights, Camera, War (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1996), p. 255.return 8. See, for example, Marshall McLuhan and Quentin Fiore, The Medium Is the Message (New York: Random House, 1967). return 9. Jacques Ellul, The Technological Bluff (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1990), p. 76, quoted in Ronfeldt, "Cyberocracy Is Coming." return 10. Ronfeldt, "Cyberocracy Is Coming." return 11. See, for example, Stephen Bates, The Potential Downside of the National Information Infrastructure (Washington, DC: The Annenberg Washington Program, 1995). return 12. Ronfeldt explores this concern in depth in "Cyberocracy Is Coming." return 13. Graeme Browning, Electronic Democracy: Using the Internet to Influence American Politics (Wilton, CT: Pemberton Press, 1996); Ronfeldt, "Cyberocracy Is Coming." return 14. Quoted in T.T. Nhu, "Internet Bolsters Burma Boycott Web Clout: On line networking helps unite pro-democracy efforts," San Jose Mercury News, January 6, 1997. return 15. The World Book Encyclopedia 1988 Edition, Vol. 2 (Chicago: World Book Inc., 1987), p. 719. return 16. Ibid., pp. 722-23. return 17. Interview with Tin Maung Win, editor of New Era Journal, Washington, 1995. return 18. State Department 1997 Country Report on Human Rights Practices. return 19. Ibid.return 20. U.S. Department of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 1988 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1989). return 21. Ibid., Interview with Tin Maung Win. return 22. SLORC declaration No. 1/88 published in the official Working People's Daily, Rangoon, September 23, 1988. return 23. State Department 1997 Country Report on Human Rights Practices. return 24. March 7, 1997, letter from Sen. Mitch McConnell to Secretary of State Madeleine Albright (United States Senate, Committee on Appropriations). return 25. Tiffany Danitz, "China Trades Arms to Burma for Heroin," Insight, March 24, 1997, p. 12. return 26. Various interviews, electronic correspondence with Coban Tun. return 27. Interview with Douglas Steele, Washington, DC, February 2, 1997; A. Lin Neumann, "The Resistance Network," Wired, vol. 4.01, p. 108. return 28. Ibid. return 29. Neumann, "The Resistance Network"; Communicators of Conscience: Humanitarian and Human Rights Organizations’ Use of the Internet (New York: The Freedom Forum Media Studies Center, 1994), Martha FitzSimmon, ed., p. 25. return 30. Steele interview. return 31. The BurmaNet News, No. 603, January 3, 1997. The full text of BurmaNet’s daily news reports are archived at: ftp://Sunsite.unc.edu/pub/academic/political-science/freeburma/bnn/. return 32. Steele interview. Interview with Michael Beer, Washington, DC, December 19, 1996. See also, The Associated Press, "Asian Rebels Use Internet," The (Annapolis) Sunday Capital, April 23, 1995, p. A12. return 33. BurmaNet Editor, "The Free Burma Movement and the Internet," unpublished manuscript. The writer, while known to the authors, requested anonymity. return 34. Ibid. Beer interview. See also, Barbara Crossette, "Burmese Opposition Gets Oslo Radio Service," The New York Times, July 19, 1992, p. 11. return 35. Information provided by Mike Mitchell, International Republican Institute. return 36. December 15, 1996, e-mail message posted on BurmaNet. return 37. June 28, 1997, e-mail message posted on BurmaNet. return 38. Interview with Beer; authors’ monitoring of BurmaNet and related electronic mail lists. return 39. Posting in The BurmaNet News, No. 762, July 1, 1997. return 40. This was contained in an e-mail welcome message after one of the authors electronically subscribed to MyanmarNet. return 41. Steele interview. return 42. Various e-mail messages. return 43. Gov. William Weld, remarks at Burma bill signing, June 25, 1996. Provided by the governor’s office. return 44. See, for example, Theo Emery, "Motorola, HP to Cut Ties to Burma: Cite Massachusetts Law Barring Business in Nation," The Boston Globe, November 29, 1996, p. B11. return 45. See, for example, "A State’s Foreign Policy: The Mass That Roared," The Economist, February 8, 1997, pp. 32-33. return 46. As of January 1999. Note: List is meant to be suggestive; other localities also may have passed such legislation. >return 47. Interview with Rep. Byron Rushing, Boston, January 23, 1997. return 48. Interview with Jose Juves, Boston, January 23, 1997. return 49. Juves, Rushing interviews. return 50. Interview with Simon Billenness, January 23, 1997. return 51. See Appendix C. return 52. Rushing interview. return 53. See Wayne Woodlief, "Burma Bill May Gain Votes for Weld," The Boston Herald, June 13, 1996, p. 35; Michael Kranish, "Proposed Sanctions on Burma a Hot Issue for Weld, Kerry," The Boston Globe, June 14, 1996. return 54. Copies of letters provided by Gov. Weld’s office. return 55. Juves interview. This would be consistent with others’ findings about the impact of media and communication technology on decision makers, namely, that its chief effects are to push issues to the top of the agenda and accelerate decision making. See Strobel, Late-Breaking Foreign Policy, and Martin Linsky, Impact: How the Press Affects Federal Policymaking (New York: W.W. Norton, 1986). return 56. Juves interview. return 57. Ibid. return 58. One count found twenty-seven state, county and city sanctions dealing with Burma, Nigeria, Cuba and Tibet. See Michael S. Lelyveld, "Massachusetts Sanctions Struck Down: Judge’s Ruling May Set Precedent for State Bans," Journal of Commerce, November 6, 1998. For skeptical views of these developments, see "The Mass That Roared," and David R. Schmahmann and James S. Finch, State and Local Sanctions Fail Constitutional Test, Trade Policy Briefing Paper No. 3 (Washington, DC: The Cato Institute, August 6, 1998). return 59. Lelyveld, "Massachusetts Sanctions Struck Down." See also Appendix C, E-mail No. 3. return 60. "L.A. Bans Trade Ties to Burma Despite Federal Ruling," Inter Press Service, Washington, DC, December 17, 1998. return 61. Neumann, "The Resistance Network." return 62. Interview with Billenness, 1997. return 63. Juves interview. return 64. Interview with student activist Marco Simons, Boston, January 24, 1997. return 65. For a fascinating example of how individuals using the Internet can affect investment policy, see Appendix C. return 66. Telephone interview with Reed Cooper, Washington, DC, March 1995. return 67. Michael Hirsh and Ron Moreau, "Making It in Mandalay," Newsweek, June 19, 1995, p. 24. return 68. Press release by The Seattle Campaign for a Free Burma, April 24, 1995. Also in Resolution 29077. return 69. Ibid. return 70. Billenness interview. return 71. Quoted in Neumann, "The Resistance Network." return 72. This section is based on interviews with Marco Simons in Boston, January 1997, and Zar Ni in Washington, DC, in February 1997. return 73. Simons, Billenness interviews. return 74. Simons interview. return 75. Selective purchasing laws were being considered across the country by local city councils. return 76. Simons interview. return 77. Constructive engagement is the free-market argument for investment in troubled regions. The argument goes that with investment, the standard of living is raised for the average person. This in turn raises the expectations for rights and freedoms from the government. At the same time the heightened economy requires a free flow of information, which boils down to technology and freedoms of press and speech. These then open up a previously closed society. return 78. In Burma, the currency is virtually worthless, so foreign investors have to repatriate their profits before taking them out of the country. The human rights community firmly believed that PepsiCo was buying agricultural goods to sell to recoup their profits and that those goods were harvested with state-enforced slave labor. Macy’s department stores had published a similar list, and the resulting pressure proved destructive to their investment. return 79. The many such articles include a front-page report by Joe Urschel, "College Cry: ‘Free Burma’ Activists Make Inroads with U.S. Companies," USA Today, April 29, 1996, p. 1A. return 80. Steele interview. return 81. Simons interview. return 82. Ibid. return 83. Tiffany Danitz, "Burmese Junta Says U.S. a Partner in Terrorism," The Washington Times, July 4, 1997. p. A9. return 84. William Barnes, "Generals Fight Back Through Internet," South China Morning Post, March 19, 1997. return 85. See BurmaNet Editor, The Free Burma Movement and the Internet. return 86. Ibid.; Billenness, Beer interviews. return 87. BurmaNet Editor, The Free Burma Movement and the Internet. return 88. Larmer, Revolutions Without Guns, p. 9. return 89. Rajiv Chandrasekaran and Elizabeth Corcoran, "Human Errors Block E-Mail, Web Sites in Internet Failure: Garbled Address Files from Va. Firm Blamed," The Washington Post, July 18, 1997, p. A1. return 90. See The BurmaNet News, No. 701, April 23, 1997. return 91. Simons interview. return 92. Electronic mail message on BurmaNet, dated May 27, 1997. return 93. Information provided by Mike Mitchell, IRI. return 94. The Free Burma Movement and the Internet. return 96. Zar Ni, "How to Read Burma and Burma Reports," e-mail posted on free-burma listserv, January 10, 1997. return 97. U Ne Oo, "The Grassroots Activism and Internet," article posted on BurmaNet, May 16, 1997. return 98. For example, see Browning, Electronic Democracy, pp. 79-81. return 99. Rushing interview. return 100. The Free Burma Movement and the Internet. return 101. Ibid. For more on this problem in U.S. society, see Browning, Electronic Democracy, pp. 76-79. return 102. Beer interview. return 103. Rushing interview. return 104. The Free Burma Movement and the Internet. 105. Larmer, Revolution Without Guns, pp. 18-20. return 106. See Footnote 31. return 107. The total comes to more than thirty-three because several respondents reported more than one Internet account. return * As of December 1998. return 108. Taken from the Free Burma Digest, transmitted January 27, 1997. return 109. Massachusetts Burma Roundtable, ACTION ALERT: March 8, 1996 return 110. Transmitted by Simon Billenness to free-burma listserv, February 11, 1997. return 111. Transmitted to free-burma listserv, January 6, 1997. return 112. E-mail posted by Okkar on BurmaNet listserv, February 27, 1997. return Home | Jobs | FAQs | Contact Us | Directions | Privacy Policy | Site Map United States Institute of Peace -- 1200 17th Street NW -- Washington, DC 20036
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