Muslim World Initiative

Challenges to Genuine Democratization in the Arab World: Participants

Henri J. Barkey Judy Barsalou Jason Brownlee Daniel Brumberg Leslie Campbell Guilain Denoeux Michael Herb Steven Heydemann Ibrahim A. Karawan Owen Kirby

R. William Liddle Ellen Lust-Okar Abdeslam Maghraoui Charles K. Mallory Michael McFaul Robert P. Parks Marc F. Plattner Jillian Schwedler Paul B. Stares Mona Yacoubian

Henri J. Barkey is the Bernard L. and Bertha F. Cohen Professor in International Relations and International Relations Department Chair at Lehigh University. He served as a member of the U.S. State Department Policy Planning Staff (1998-2000). He has authored, co-authored and edited four books, the most recent being Turkey's Kurdish Question (with Graham Fuller). Most recently he has written "The Endless Pursuit: Improving U.S.-Turkish Relations," in Morton Abramowitz (ed.) Friends in Need: Turkey and the United States after September 11, "Cyprus: The Predictable Crisis," The National Interest with Philip H. Gordon, and a forthcoming U.S. Institute of Peace Special Report, "Turkey and Iraq: The Perils (and Prospects) of Proximity."

Judy Barsalou joined the Institute in 2000 as the director of the Grant Program. Previously a program officer at the Jerusalem Fund, Center for Policy Analysis on Palestine, Barsalou has over two decades of experience researching and working on issues related to the Middle East. In 1996–99, she served as executive director of the Middle East Research and Information Project, which publishes the Middle East Report. In 1992–95, Barsalou was director of academic programs at the Institute of Government Affairs, University of California at Davis, and also served as principal negotiator for the university's office of research in 1991–92. As a program officer with the Ford Foundation for eight years, first in its New York headquarters, then in its Cairo office, Barsalou developed, monitored, and evaluated grants supporting research, training, and institutional development in international relations, human rights, economics, governance, and public policy. She founded and managed the foundation's Middle East Research Competition, a regional social science competition that provides research funding to non-Western-trained scholars. Barsalou holds a Ph.D. in comparative politics and a Middle East Institute certificate from Columbia University.

Jason Brownlee is an assistant professor in the Department of Government at the University of Texas in Austin. He studies comparative politics in the developing world, with an emphasis on the Middle East and questions of domestically-driven regime change. His dissertation "Durable Authoritarianism in an Age of Democracy" drew upon fieldwork in Egypt, Iran, Malaysia, and the Philippines to propose a theory linking ruling parties to regime persistence. His travels abroad have been supported by the American Research Center in Egypt, the American Institute of Iranian Studies, and the Fulbright Foundation. He has published articles in Comparative Politics, Studies in Comparative International Development, and the Journal of Democracy. Professor Brownlee will be spending the 2004-2005 academic year as a post-doctoral fellow at Stanford University's Center on Democracy, Development, and the Rule of Law, where he will complete a book manuscript about the impact of ruling parties in maintaining authoritarianism and preventing democratization.

Daniel Brumberg serves as a special adviser for the Institute's Muslim World Initiative, where he focuses on issues of democratization and political reform in the Middle East and wider Islamic world. He is also an associate professor at Georgetown University and is a former senior associate in the Carnegie Endowment's Democracy and Rule of Law Project (2003-2004). He previously was a Jennings Randolph senior fellow at the U.S. Institute of Peace, where he pursued a study of power sharing in the Middle East and Southeast Asia. In 1997, Brumberg was a Mellon junior fellow at Georgetown University and a visiting fellow at the International Forum on Democratic Studies. He was a visiting professor in the Department of Political Science at Emory University, a visiting fellow in the Middle East Program in the Jimmy Carter Center, and has taught at the University of Chicago. Brumberg is the author of many articles on political and social change in the Middle East and wider Islamic world. With a grant from the MacArthur Foundation, he is currently working on a comparative study of power sharing experiments in Algeria, Kuwait, and Indonesia. A member of the editorial board of the Journal of Democracy and the advisory board of the International Forum on Democratic Studies, Brumberg is also chairman of the nonprofit Foundation on Democratization and Political Change in the Middle East. He has worked closely with a number of NGOs in the Arab world, including the Palestinian Academic Society for the Study of International Affairs (PASSIA). Brumberg is also a member of the editorial board of the American Political Science Association's Political Science and Politics. He received his B.A. from Indiana University and a Ph.D. from the University of Chicago.

Leslie Campbell is a senior associate at the Washington D.C.-based National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) where he has directed the Institute's democratic development programs in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) since 1996.

Mr. Campbell has played a key role promoting democratic practices in the MENA region conceptualizing and organizing events such as the Congress of Democrats from the Islamic World, conducted in Istanbul, Turkey, in 2004; and the Emerging Democracies Forum, held in Sana'a, Yemen in 1999. He has overseen the expansion of NDI's programs in the Middle East with the establishment of nine permanent offices, which furnish assistance with political, civic and governance development throughout the Arab world. In addition, Mr. Campbell has organized election observation missions around the region, and provided training in the skills necessary for political candidates, government officials and voters to participate in democratic life.

Mr. Campbell is a frequent guest and commentator on Middle East issues for many major news outlets, and has written a number of articles and papers on the subject of democracy in the Middle East and Canadian political party reform.

Mr. Campbell is a fellow at the Queen's University Center for the Study of Democracy and sits on the board of directors of IMPACS, the Institute for Media, Policy and Civil Society, based in Vancouver, BC, Canada. He has been a speaker/presenter and/or member on numerous task forces and study groups, including fora at the Council on Foreign Relations; Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government; the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies; and the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.

Before joining NDI in 1994, Mr. Campbell was chief of staff to the leader of the New Democratic Party in the Canadian House of Commons.

Mr. Campbell holds a Master's degree in Public Administration from Harvard University.

Guilain Denoeux is chair of the Government Department at Colby College in Waterville, Maine. A native of France, he served in the French diplomatic service, which included a post in Baghdad, Iraq. His areas of expertise include Middle Eastern and North African politics, the Arab-Israeli conflict, U.S. policy toward the Middle East, and politics and political economy in developing states. He is the author of Urban Unrest in the Middle East (1993). Denoeux received his B.A. from Grenoble (France), his M.S.F.S. from Georgetown University, and his Ph.D. from Princeton University.

Michael Herb is an associate professor of political science at Georgia State University, in Atlanta. His research interests focus on questions of democracy, authoritarianism, and political reform, with a focus on the Arab countries of the Gulf. He is the author of All in the Family: Absolutism, Revolution and Democracy in the Middle Eastern Monarchies (1999), a work that examines the resilience of monarchism in the Arab world. Prof. Herb has written articles on taxation and democracy, including a cross-regional quantitative study in Comparative Politics. He received a Fulbright award to study in Kuwait in 1993-94, and received his Ph.D. from UCLA in 1997.

Steven Heydemann is director of the Center for Democracy and the Third Sector at Georgetown University. From 1990-1997 he worked as director of the SSRC Program on International Peace and Security and the Program on the Near and Middle East. From 1997-2001 he held the position of associate professor in the department of political science at Columbia University. Heydemann rejoined the SSRC in 2001 as director of the Program on Philanthropy and Nonprofit Studies, with additional responsibility for the development of new programs. Professor Heydemann recently completed a multi-year collaborative research project on informal networks and the politics of economic reform in the Middle East, supported by the Mediterranean Program of the European University Institute. The edited volume resulting from this project, Networks of Privilege in the Middle East: The Politics of Economic Reform Revisited was published by Palgrave Press in 2004. He was also a contributing author to a recent World Bank study, Unlocking the Employment Potential of the Middle East and North Africa: Toward a New Social Contract. Heydemann is also the author of /Authoritarianism in Syria: Institutions and Social Conflict, 1946-1970/ (Cornell University Press, 1999), and the editor of /War, Institutions and Social Change in the Middle East/ (University of California Press, 2000). He has published a number of articles and book chapters on processes of democratic reform in the Middle East, including, recently, "La question de la democratie dans les travaux sur le monde arabe," which appeared in /Critique Internationale/ in October 2002, and "Middle East Studies After 9/11: Defending the Discipline" published in the /Journal of Democracy/ in July 2002.

Ibrahim A. Karawan is the Director of the Middle East Center and an Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of Utah. Between 1995 and 1997 he was the Senior Fellow for Middle East Studies and Directing Staff Member at the International Institute for Strategic Studies, IISS, in London. He is a member of the Advisory Board of the Centre for International Studies at Oxford University and a Fellow at the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland.

Ibrahim Karawan is a frequent contributing analyst to the BBC World Service, CNN, Al-Jazeera satellite Television, and Abu Dhabi TV. He is a former Senior Research Associate at the Al-Ahram Center for Political and Strategic Studies in Cairo, Egypt. His research has focused on Islamist movements, the political role of Arab military institutions, inter-Arab relations, nuclear issues in the Middle East, Persian Gulf regional security, and explaining major alterations of Egypt's foreign and defense policies.

His recent publications include The Islamist Impasse, (Oxford University Press, 1997); "Political Parties Between State Power and Islamist Opposition," in Between the State and Islam, William Zartman and Charles Butterworth, eds., (Cambridge University Press, 2000); "Identity and Foreign Policy: The Case of Egypt," in Identity and Foreign Policy in the Middle East, Shibley Telhami and Michael Barnett, eds., (Cornell University Press, forthcoming 2001); "The Erosion of Consensus: GCC States' Perceptions of a Changing Region," in Mutual Security in the Gulf, Gary Sick and Lawrence Potter, eds., (St. Martins Press, 2001); "The Case For a Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone," in Nuclear Weapons-Free Zones, Ramesh Thakur, ed., (Macmillan Press, 1998); "Arab Perspectives on Middle East Security," in Middle East Security and the Shadow of Weapons of Mass Destruction Proliferation, Barry Schneider, ed., (Air University Press, 1999); and "Egypt," in The Political Role of the Military, C. Danapoulos and C. Watson eds., (Greenwood, 1997).

Some of his articles on Middle Eastern issues have been published in the International Journal of Middle East Studies (IJMES), The Middle East Journal, Contention (by Indiana University Press), The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences, Journal of Arab Affairs and The Middle East Economic Digest.

Owen Kirby is currently Political Program Manager of the Office of the Middle EastPartnership Initiative (MEPI) in the Bureau of Near East Affairs, U.S. Department of State.

This D.C.-based position is responsible for the development of all MEPI political programs from Morocco to the Gulf. Current MEPI political programs include parliamentary strengthening, political party-building and candidate training, election monitoring and technical elections assistance, judicial strengthening and legal reform, and civil society support.

Prior to joining State in 2004, Regional Director for the Middle East and North Africa at the International Republican Institute (IRI) in Washington, D.C., implementing USAID, State and NED funded democracy support programs in the region.

R. William Liddle is professor of political science at Ohio State University and a specialist on Southeast Asian, particularly Indonesian, politics. He has conducted research in Indonesia on many occasions since the early 1960s, and has been a Fulbright researcher and lecturer in both Indonesia and Singapore. He writes for the international and Indonesian media, including The New York Times, International Herald Tribune, Wall Street Journal and Asian Wall Street Journal, Far Eastern Economic Review, Jakarta dailies Kompas and Republika and the national Indonesian newsweekly Tempo. He has appeared on the PBS News Hour with Jim Lehrer, Fox News, All Things Considered and Talk of the Nation on NPR, the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation and on many BBC, Voice of America, and Indonesian television and radio programs.

Professor Liddle's recent scholarly publications include: "Indonesia in 2004: The Rise of Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono," Asian Survey (January/February 2005) (with Saiful Mujani); "Indonesia's Approaching Elections: Politics, Islam, and Public Opinion," Journal of Democracy 15:1 (January 2004) (with Saiful Mujani); Crafting Indonesian Democracy, Jakarta: Mizan, 2001; "Indonesia's Democratic Transition: Playing by the Rules," in Andrew Reynolds, ed., The Architecture of Democracy, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002; and "Indonesia," in W. Phillips Shively, Comparative Governance, 2nd edition, New York: McGraw-Hill, 2002. His Indonesian-language writings have been collected in Islam, Politik, dan Modernisasi [Islam, Politics, and Modernization], (Jakarta: Sinar Harapan, 1997).

Professor Liddle has served as chair of the Indonesia Committee and Southeast Asia Council of the Association for Asian Studies, and as assistant editor for Southeast Asia of the Association's Journal of Asian Studies. He has been a frequent consultant to the United States Agency for International Development and other U.S. government agencies, and to the National Democratic Institute. Since 1975 he has lectured regularly at the Department of State's Foreign Service Institute, which recently named him Distinguished Visiting Lecturer.

Ellen Lust-Okar is an assistant professor in the Department of Political Science at Yale University. She received her M.A. in Middle Eastern Studies and her Ph.D. in Political Science from the University of Michigan. Her book, Structuring Conflict in the Arab World: Incumbents, Opponents and Institutions, examines how institutions structure government-opposition relations, focusing on Egypt, Jordan and Morocco. She has also published on the domestic politics of the Arab-Israeli conflict and the linkages between domestic politics and foreign policy. This work has been published in such journals as Comparative Politics, Comparative Political Studies, Journal of Conflict Management and Peace Science, International Journal of Middle East Studies and Middle Eastern Studies.

Abdeslam Maghraoui joined the Institute as the associate director for the Muslim World Initiative in 2004. His research focuses on political power, authority, and legitimacy in contemporary Muslim societies. Prior to joining the Institute, Maghraoui was visiting lecturer and resident scholar at Princeton University's Department of Politics and the Institute for the Transregional Study of the Contemporary Middle East, North Africa, and Central Asia. Previously, he was director of Al-Madina, a nonprofit organization dedicated to promoting accountable governance in the Arab world. As director of Al-Madina, Maghraoui developed research and managed programs on building the capacity of civil society associations in North Africa. He holds a Ph.D. in comparative politics from Princeton University.

Charles K. Mallory has been a Senior Advisor to the Bureau of Near East Affairs at the U.S. Department of State since 2002. He was formerly the CEO of Credit Suisse Investment Funds (Moscow), Director of Credit Suisse First Boston Investment Management Limited, and a consultant with the Allied Capital Corporation. Mr. Mallory has also conducted research and analysis for the RAND Corporation.

He was a Fellow at the RAND-UCLA Center for Soviet Studies and received his B.A. in Russian Language and Literature from Middlebury College. Mr. Mallory speaks German, Russian, French and Arabic.

Michael McFaul is a Senior Fellow at Stanford University's Hoover Institution. He is also an Associate Professor in the Department of Political Science and the Director of the Center on Democracy, Development, and Rule of Law, both at Stanford University.

Robert P. Parks is currently a Ph.D. candidate in the Department of Government at the University of Texas at Austin. Specializing in political economy, is currently writing his dissertation, "Rural Interests, Rural Control, and the Development of Agrarian Property Rights in Algeria and Tunisia." The thesis explores how antecedent forms of urban-rural interconnectivity affect the state's ability to administer the local land portfolio. National-level elites wishing to effectuate substantial property reform are bound by extant local-level institutions, which buttress and are reinforced by the autonomy of local elite.

Marc F. Plattner is vice-president for research and studies at the National Endowment for Democracy (NED), codirector of the International Forum for Democratic Studies, and coeditor of the Journal of Democracy, a quarterly publication that addresses the problems and prospects of democracy around the world. He served as NED's director of program from 1984 to 1989. During the 2002–2003 academic year he was a visiting professor at the Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies at the European University Institute in Florence, Italy. He has previously been a Fellow at the National Humanities Center in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (1983–84); Advisor on Economic and Social Affairs at the United States Mission to the United Nations (1981–83); program officer at the Century Foundation (formerly the Twentieth Century Fund), a private foundation in New York City (1975–81); and managing editor of The Public Interest, a quarterly journal on public policy (1971–75). Dr. Plattner graduated summa cum laude from Yale University and received his Ph.D. in government from Cornell University, where his principal area of study was political philosophy.

He is the author of Rousseau's State of Nature (1979), a study of the political thought of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and the editor of Human Rights in Our Time (1984). Over the past decade, he has coedited more than a dozen books on contemporary issues relating to democracy: Islam and Democracy in the Middle East (2003); Democracy After Communism (2002); The Global Divergence of Democracies (2001); Globalization, Power, and Democracy (2000); The Liberal Tradition in Focus: Problems and New Perspectives (2000); The Democratic Invention (2000); Democracy in Africa (1999); The Self-Restraining State: Power and Accountability in New Democracies (1999); Democracy in East Asia (1998); Consolidating the Third Wave Democracies, Vol. 1: Themes and Perspectives, Vol. 2: Regional Challenges (1997); Civil-Military Relations and Democracy (1996); Economic Reform and Democracy (1995); Nationalism, Ethnic Conflict and Democracy (1994); Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy Revisited (1993); and The Global Resurgence of Democracy (1993; 2nd Edition, 1996). His articles on a wide range of international and public policy issues have appeared in numerous books and journals.

Jillian Schwedler is Assistant Professor of Government and Politics at the University of Maryland and Chair of the Middle East Research and Information Project (MERIP), publishers of the quarterly journal Middle East Report. She has received awards and fellowships from the Social Science Research Council, the Fulbright Scholars Program (twice), the Council of American Overseas Research Centers, the American Institute for Yemeni Studies, and the Law and Society Association. She has conducted extensive field research in Egypt, Jordan, and Yemen, and has traveled to Lebanon, Turkey, Qatar, Syria, and Israel/Palestine. Dr. Schwedler's publications include Faith in Moderation: Islamist Parties in Jordan and Yemen (Cambridge University Press, forthcoming) and three edited volumes: Toward Civil Society in the Middle East? (1995); Islamist Parties in Jordan (1997); and Understanding the Contemporary Middle East, with Deborah J. Gerner (2004). Her articles have appeared in Comparative Politics, Journal of Democracy, SAIS Review of International Affairs, Social Movement Studies, and Middle East Policy, among others. Dr. Schwedler's current research interests include political Islam, contentious politics, democratization, political culture, and transnational public spheres.

After serving as executive associate to the president of the United Church of Christ from 1986 to 1989, Smock became executive director of International Voluntary Services, supervising development projects in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. He received a Ph.D. in anthropology from Cornell University and an M.Div. from New York Theological Seminary.

Paul B. Stares is director of the Institute's Research and Studies Program. He currently focuses on northeast Asian security issues, U.S. postconflict stability operations, and counterterrorism policy. He has authored or edited nine books in addition to numerous book chapters, articles, and op-eds in leading U.S. and European newspapers.

Prior to joining the Institute in 2002, Stares was associate director and senior research scholar at the Center for International Security and Cooperation at Stanford University. From 1996 to 2000 he worked in Japan, first as a senior research fellow at the Japan Institute of International Affairs and then as director of studies at the Japan Center for International Exchange. At various times, Stares has been a senior fellow and research associate in the Foreign Policy Studies Program at the Brookings Institution as well as a NATO fellow, a scholar-in-residence at the MacArthur Foundation Moscow Office, a Rockefeller international relations fellow, and an adjunct professor at Georgetown University. He has also held academic posts at the University of Sussex and the University of Lancaster in Great Britain, where he received his Ph.D.

Mona Yacoubian is a special adviser to the Institute's Muslim World Initiative, where she provides analysis and policy advice on the Middle East. An adjunct fellow at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, she has worked on democratization, women's empowerment, and civil society promotion for the World Bank and the Department of State. From 1990 to 1997, Yacoubian served as the North Africa analyst in the State Department's Bureau of Intelligence and Research, where she focused on the crisis in Algeria.

A member of the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR), she is a frequent commentator on leading U.S. and international news outlets and was a Fulbright Scholar in Syria and an International Affairs Fellow at CFR, where she published a monograph entitled Algeria's Struggle for Democracy. Yacoubian earned her B.A. in public policy from Duke University and a master's degree in public administration from the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University.