346. U.S. Army, Field Manual 3-07, 2008.
 
347. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs and United Nations Development Programme,The Challenges of Restoring Governance in Crisis and Post-Conflict Countries, 2007. Hereafter: UNDESA/UNDP, Challenges of Restoring Governance, 2007.
 
348. UK Stabilisation Unit, “UK Approach to Stabilisation,” 2008.
 
349. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, From Fragility to Resilience: Concepts and Dilemmas of Statebuilding in Fragile States, 2007.
 
350. UK Stabilisation Unit, “UK Approach to Stabilisation,” 2008. 
 
351. Derick W.Brinkerhoff, ed., Governance in Post-Conflict Societies: Rebuilding Fragile States. (New York: Routledge, 2007). Hereafter: Brinkerhoff, Governance in Post-Conflict Societies, 2007.
 
352. Brinkerhoff, Governance in Post-Conflict Societies, 2007.
 
353. United States Agency for International Development, “DRAFT: Guidance for Democracy and Governance Programming in Post-Conflict Countries,” 2009. Hereafter: USAID, “DRAFT: Guidance for
Democracy and Governance,” 2009.
 
354. Louise Anten, Strengthening Governance in Post-Conflict Fragile States (3e Hague, 3e Netherlands: Clingendael Institute, 2009). Hereafter: Anten, “Strengthening Governance,” 2009.
 
355. United Nations Development Programme, Access to Justice Practice Note, 2004.
 
356. UNDP/USAID, “First Steps,” 2007.
 
357. United States Agency for International Development, Economic Governance in War Torn Economies: Lessons Learned from the Marshall Plan to the Reconstruction of Iraq, 2004.
 
358. UNDESA/UNDP, “Challenges of Restoring Governance,” 2007.
 
359. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Fragile States: Policy Commitment and Principles for Good International Engagement in Fragile States and Situations, 2007.
 
360. UNDESA/UNDP, “Challenges of Restoring Governance,” 2007.
 
361. UK Stabilisation Unit, “UK Approach to Stabilisation,” 2008.
 
362. UNDP/USAID, “First Steps,” 2007.

 

363. Shari Bryan, Engaging Political Parties in Post-Conflict Parliaments, presented at the International Conference on Parliaments, Crisis Prevention and Recovery, 2006. Hereafter: Bryan, Engaging Political Parties, 2006.
 
364. UNDP/USAID, “First Steps,” 2007.
 
365. UK Stabilisation Unit, “UK Approach to Stabilisation,” 2008.
 
366. Karen Guttieri and Jessica Piombo, eds.,. Interim Governments: Institutional Bridges to Peace and Democracy? (Washington D.C.: United States Institute of Peace Press, 2007).
 
367. United Nations Development Programme and Christian Michelsen Institute, Governance in Post-Conflict Situations, 2004. Hereafter: UNDP/Michelsen, Governance in Post-Conflict Situations, 2004.
 
368. UK Stabilisation Unit, “UK Approach to Stabilisation,” 2008.
 
369. UNDP/Michelsen, Governance in Post-Conflict Situations, 2004.
 
370. Beth Cole DeGrasse and Christina Caan, Transitional Governance: From Bullets to Ballots (Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace, 2006). Hereafter: Cole DeGrasse/Caan, “Bullets to Ballots,” 2006.
 
371. Jack Covey, Michael J. Dziedzic, and Leonard Hawley, eds., The Quest for Viable Peace: International Intervention and Strategies for Conflict Transformation (Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace Press, 2005). Hereafter: Covey/Dziedzic/Hawley, Quest for Viable Peace, 2005.
 
372. Dobbins/Jones/Crane/Cole DeGrasse, Beginner’s Guide, 2007.
 
373. USAID, “DRAFT Guidance for Democracy and Governance,” 2009.
 
374. Governance and Economic Management Assistance Program, “Overview,” http://www.gemapliberia.org/pages/overview (accessed June 17, 2009).
  
375. USAID, “DRAFT Guidance for Democracy and Governance,” 2009.
 
376. Brinkerhoff, Governance in Post-Conflict Societies, 2007.
 
377. For the purposes of this manual, the “civil service” refers to public servants (national and subnational), whose salaries come from the government, who are hired and managed in accordance with civil service laws, and who are protected from political interference in hiring or removal and the conduct of their duties. See http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTPUBLIC SECTORANDGOVERNANCE for more information.
 
378. National Academy of Public Administration, Civil Service Reforms and International Assistance: An Initial Framework of Lessons Learned, 2007.
 
379. World Bank, Conflict Prevention and Reconstruction Unit, Rebuilding the Civil Service in a Post-Conflict Setting: Key Issues and Lessons of Experience, 2002. Hereafter: WB, Rebuilding the Civil Service, 2002. UNDP/Michelsen, “Governance in Post-Conflict Situations,” 2004.
 
380. Harry Blair, “Rebuilding and Reforming Civil Services in Post-Conflict Societies,” in Governance in Post-Conflict Societies: Rebuilding Fragile States (New York. NY: Routledge, 2007).
 
381. U.S. Agency for International Development, Decentralization and Democratic Local Governance Programming Handbook, 2000. Hereafter: USAID, Decentralization and Democratic Local Governance, 2000.
 
382. Paul Jackson and Zoe Scott, Local Government in Post-Conflict Environments (Oslo, Norway: United Nations Development Programme and Oslo Governance Centre, Democratic Governance Group, 2008).
 
383. UNDP/Michelsen, “Governance in Post-Conflict Situations,” 2004.
 
384. USAID, “Decentralization and Democratic Local Governance,” 2000.
 
385. USAID, “DRAFT Guidance for Democracy and Governance,” 2009.
 
386. Ibid.
 
387. For the purposes of this manual, “oversight” encompasses supervision, inspection, responsibility, and control, as defined in Organisation of Economic Co-operation and Development (Development Assistance Committee), Handbook on Security System Reform (Paris: OECD Publishing, 2007). Hereafter: OECD DAC, Handbook on SSR, 2007.
 
388. See example, Articles 17–51, “Agreement on the Strengthening of Civilian Power and on the Role of the Armed Forces in a Democratic Society,Guatemala (September 19, 1996), http://www.usip.org/files/file/resources/collections/peace_agreements/guat_960919.pdf (accessed June 17, 2009).
 
389. Nicole Ball, “Democratic Governance and the Security Sector in Conflict-Affected Countries,” Governance  in Post-Conflict Societies: Rebuilding Fragile States (New York: Routledge, 2007). Hereafter: Ball, “Democratic Governance and the Security Sector,” 2007.
 
390. OECD DAC, “Handbook on SSR,” 2007.
 
391. Ibid.
 
392. South African Defense and Security Management Network, “SADSEM: 3e South African Defense and Security Management Network,” http://sadsem.org (accessed June 17, 2009).
 
393. Ball, “Democratic Governance and the Security Sector,” 2007.
 
394. Paul Collier, ed. Breaking the Conflict Trap: Civil War and Development Policy (Washington, D.C.: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and 3e World Bank, 2003). Hereafter: Collier, Breaking the Conflict Trap, 2003.
 
395. United Nations Economic Commission for Africa, 2005 African Governance Report, 2005. Hereafter: UNECA, African Governance Report, 2005.
 
396. United States Agency for International Development, Economic Governance in War Torn Economies: Lessons Learned from the Marshall Plan to the Reconstruction of Iraq, 2004.
397. RAND, Guidebook for Economic Development in Stability Operations (Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, 2009).
 
398. United Nations Development Programme, Anti-Corruption Practice Note, 2004; Emil Bolongaita, “Controlling Corruption in Post-Conflict Countries,” presented at the Distinguished Lecture Series, Joan B. Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies, January 2005; UNECA, “African Governance Report,” 2005.
 
399. United States Agency for International Development, Guide to Economic Growth in Post-Conflict Countries, 2009. Hereafter: USAID, “Guide to Economic Growth,” 2009.
 
400. Karen Ballentine and Heiko Nitzschke, !e Political Economy of Civil War and Conflict Transformation (Berlin: Berghof Handbook for Conflict Transformation, 2005). Hereafter: Ballentine/Nitzschke, Political  Economy, 2005.
 
401. USAID, “DRAFT Guidance for Democracy and Governance,” 2009.
 
402. UNECA, “African Governance Report,” 2005.
 
403. Governance and Economic Management Assistance Program, “Overview,” http://www.gemapliberia.org/pages/overview (accessed June 17, 2009).
 
404. UNECA, “African Governance Report,” 2005.
 
405. Ibid.
 
406. Collier, “Breaking the Conflict Trap,” 2003; Jill Shankleman, Managing Natural Resource Wealth (Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace, 2006). Hereafter: Shankleman, Managing Natural Resource Wealth, 2006.
 
407. Shankleman, “Managing Natural Resource Wealth,” 2006.
 
408. Covey/Dziedzic/Hawley, Quest for Viable Peace, 2005.
 
409. Anten, “Strengthening Governance,” 2009.
 
410. Vivien Hart, Democratic Constitution-Making (Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace, 2003).
 
411. Robert Orr, “Governing When Chaos Rules: Enhancing Governance and Participation,” in Winning the Peace: An American Strategy for Post-Conflict Reconstruction (Washington, D.C.: 3e Center for Strategic and International Studies Press, 2004).
 
412. UNDP/Michelsen, “Governance in Post-Conflict Situations,” 2004.
 
413. Alan Whaites, States in Development: Understanding State-building (London, UK: Department for International Development, Governance and Social Development Group, 2008).
 
414. Conaway, The Role of Women, 2006.
 
415. USAID, “DRAFT Guidance for Democracy and Governance,” 2009.
 
416. United Nations, “International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights,” http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/a_ccpr.htm (accessed June 17, 2009).
 
417. UNDESA/UNDP, “Challenges of Restoring Governance,” 2007.
 
418. Noah Feldman, “Agreeing to Disagree in Iraq,” New York Times, August 30, 2005.
 
419. Lakhdar Brahimi, State Building in Crisis and Post-Conflict Countries, 2007. Hereafter: Brahimi, State Building, 2007.
 
420. A.B. Inbal and H. Lerner, “Constitutional Design, Identity, and Legitimacy in Post-Conflict Reconstruction,” in Governance in Post-Conflict Societies: Rebuilding Fragile States (New York: Routledge, 2007).
 
421. Covey/Dziedzic/Hawley, Quest for Viable Peace, 2005.
 
422. USAID, “DRAFT Guidance for Democracy and Governance,” 2009.
 
423. Covey/Dziedzic/Hawley, Quest for Viable Peace, 2005.
 
424. USAID, “DRAFT Guidance for Democracy and Governance,” 2009.
 
425. United Nations, “Article 21, Universal Declaration on Human Rights,” http://www.un.org/Overview/rights.html (accessed June 17, 2009). Hereafter: UN, “Article 21, UDHR.”
 
426. United States Department of State, Office of the Coordinator for Reconstruction and Stabilization, Transition Elections and Political Processes in Reconstruction and Stabilization Operations: Lessons Learned, 2007. Hereafter: S/CRS, Transition Elections, 2007.
 
427. UNDP/Michelsen, “Governance in Post-Conflict Situations,” 2004; UNDP/USAID, “First Steps,” 2007.
 
428. United Nations Development Programme, Electoral Systems and Processes Practice Note, 2004; Cole DeGrasse/Caan, “Bullets to Ballots,” 2006.
 
429. Brahimi, “State Building,” 2007.
 
430. For the purposes of this manual, legislatures and parliaments are used interchangeably.
 
431. USAID, “DRAFT Guidance for Democracy and Governance,” 2009.
 
432. United Nations Development Programme, Parliamentary Development Practice Note, 2003.
 
433. United Nations Development Programme, Parliaments, Crisis Prevention, and Recovery: Guidelines for the International Community, 2006.
 
434. United Nations Development Programme, Lessons Learned in Parliamentary Development, 2002.
 
435. Ibid.
 
436. USAID, “DRAFT Guidance for Democracy and Governance,” 2009.
 
437. World Bank, Social Development Department, Civil Society and Peacebuilding: Potential, Limitations and Critical Factors, 2006. Hereafter: WB, Civil Society and Peacebuilding, 2006.
 
438. Dobbins/Jones/Crane/Cole DeGrasse, Beginner’s Guide, 2007.
 
439. Refers to the freedom of religion, assembly, press, speech, association, and movement. Dziedzic/Sotirin/Agoglia, “Measuring Progress in Conflict Environments,” 2008.)
 
440. Ibid.
 
441. London School of Economics, “Centre for Civil Society,” http://www.lse.ac.uk/collections/CCS/ (accessed June 17, 2009); WB, “Civil Society and Peacebuilding,” 2006.
 
442. Dobbins/Jones/Crane/Cole DeGrasse, Beginner’s Guide, 2007; London School of Economics, Centre for Civil Society, “What Is Civil Society?" http://www.lse.ac.uk/collections/CCS/what_is_civil_society.htm (accessed June 17, 2009).
 
443. Michael Lund, Peter Uvin, and Sarah Cohen, Building Civil Society in Post-Conflict Environments: From the Micro to the Macro (Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, 2006). The World Bank identifies seven key functions of CSOs: (1) protection, (2) monitoring and early warning, (3) advocacy and public communication, (4) socialization, (5) social cohesion, (6) intermediation and facilitation, and (7) service provision (World Bank, “Civil Society and Peacebuilding,” 2006). Dziedzic/Sotirin/Agoglia, “Measuring Progress in Conflict Environments,” 2008.
 
444. Dobbins/Jones/Crane/Cole DeGrasse, Beginner’s Guide, 2007
 
445. Beatrice Pouligny, “Civil Society and Post-Conflict Peacebuilding: Ambiguities of International Programmes Aimed at Building ‘New’ Societies,” Security Dialogue, vol. 26, no. 4 495-510 (2005).
446. WB, “Civil Society and Peacebuilding,” 2006.
 
447. Dobbins/Jones/Crane/Cole DeGrasse, Beginner’s Guide, 2007.
 
448. WB, “Civil Society and Peacebuilding,” 2006.
 
449. International Center for Not-for-Profit Law, “Enabling Organizational Development: NGO Legal Reform in Post-Conflict Settings,” !e International Journal of Not-for-Profit Law 9, issue 4 (2007).
 
450. Dziedzic/Sotirin/Agoglia, “Measuring Progress in Conflict Environments,” 2008.
 
451. Dobbins/Jones/Crane/Cole DeGrasse, Beginner’s Guide, 2007.
 
452. Ibid.
 
453. Initiative for Peacebuilding (International Alert and European Commission), Building Inclusive Post-Conflict Governance, 2009.
 
454. Ibid.
 
455. Dziedzic/Sotirin/Agoglia, “Measuring Progress in Conflict Environments,” 2008.
 
456. World Bank, “Strengthening Local Governance and Promoting Community Based Development in Afghanistan,” http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTABOUTUS/IDA/0..contentMDK:21
296643~menuPK:3266877~pagePK:51236175~piPK:437394~theSitePK:73154.00.html (accessed June 17, 2009). Hereafter: WB, “Strengthening Local Governance.”
 
457. U.S. Agency for International Development, Community-Based Development in Conflict-Affected Areas, 2007.
 
458. Dobbins/Jones/Crane/Cole DeGrasse, Beginner’s Guide, 2007.
 
459. Eron Frankel and Sheldon Himelfarb, DRAFT Peacebrief: Purpose and Possibility, A Formative Media Assessment Template, (Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace, 2009). Yll Bajraktari and Emily Hsu, Developing Media in Stabilization and Reconstruction Operations (Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace, 2007). Hereafter: Bajraktari/Hsu, Developing Media, 2007.
 
460. Dziedzic/Sotirin/Agoglia, “Measuring Progress in Conflict Environments,” 2008.
 
461. Bajraktari/Hsu, Developing Media, 2007.
 
462. UN, “Article 21, UDHR”; UNDP/Michelsen, “Governance in Post-Conflict Situations,” 2004; United Nations Development Programme, Access to Information Practice Note, 2003.
 
463. Dziedzic/Sotirin/Agoglia, “Measuring Progress in Conflict Environments,” 2008.
 
464. Bryan, “Engaging Political Parties,” 2006.
 
465. United States Agency for International Development, Political Party Assistance Policy, 2003.
 
466. Eric Bjornlund, Glenn Cowan, and William Gallery, “Elections Systems and Political Parties in Post-Conflict and Fragile States,” in Governance in Post-Conflict Societies: Rebuilding Fragile States”(New York:Routledge, 2007).
 
467. S/CRS, “Transition Elections,” 2007.
 
468. Ibid.
 
469. United Nations Security Council, “United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325,” available from http://www.peacewomen.org/un/sc/res1325.pdf (accessed June 17, 2009).
 
470. Conaway, “3e Role of Women,” 2006.
 
471. S/CRS, “Transition Elections,” 2007.
 
472. Ibid.
 
473. United States Agency for International Development, Money in Politics Handbook: A Guide to Increasing Transparency in Emerging Democracies, 2003. Hereafter: USAID, Money in Politics, 2003.
 
474. Ibid.
 
475. USAID, “Guide to Economic Growth Program Planning,” 2009.
 
476. Ibid.
 
477. UNDP/USAID, “First Steps,” 2007.
 
478. USAID, “Guide to Economic Growth Program Planning,” 2009.
 
479. See example, Articles 17–51, “Agreement on the Strengthening of Civilian Power and on the Role of the Armed Forces in a Democratic Society,Guatemala (September 19, 1996) http://www.usip.org/files/file/resources/collections/peace_agreements/guat_960919.pdf (accessed June 17, 2009).
 
480. UNECA, “African Governance Report,” 2005.
 
481. Ashraf Ghani and Clare Lockhart, Fixing Failed States: A Framework for Rebuilding a Fractured World (Oxford:Oxford University Press, 2008).
 
482. Brinkerhoff, Governance in Post-Conflict Societies, 2007.
 
483. Anten, “Strengthening Governance,” 2009.